Joseph Grew

Joseph Grew
13th United States Ambassador to Japan
In office
June 14, 1932 – December 8, 1941
President Herbert Hoover
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Preceded by W. Cameron Forbes
Succeeded by William J. Sebald (ad interim)
6th United States Ambassador to Turkey
In office
1927–1932
President Calvin Coolidge
Preceded by Abram I. Elkus
Succeeded by Charles H. Sherrill
26th United States Ambassador to Switzerland
In office
September 24, 1921 – March 22, 1924
President Warren G. Harding
Preceded by Hampson Gary
Succeeded by Hugh S. Gibson
32nd United States Ambassador to Denmark
In office
April 7, 1920 – October 14, 1921
President Woodrow Wilson
Preceded by Norman Hapgood
Succeeded by John Dyneley Prince
5th and 13th Under Secretary of State
In office
April 16, 1924 – June 30, 1927
President Calvin Coolidge
Preceded by William Phillips
Succeeded by Robert E. Olds
In office
December 20, 1944 – August 15, 1945
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Preceded by Edward Stettinius, Jr.
Succeeded by Dean Acheson
Personal details
Born Joseph Clark Grew
May 27, 1880
Boston, Massachusetts
Died May 25, 1965 (aged 84)
Nationality American
Spouse(s) Alice (Perry) Grew
Children Lilla Cabot Grew
Profession Diplomat

Joseph Clark Grew (May 27, 1880 – May 25, 1965) was an American career diplomat and Foreign Service officer. Early in his career, he was the chargé d'affaires at the American Embassy in Vienna when the Austro-Hungarian Empire severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 9, 1917.[1]

Later, Grew was the Ambassador to Denmark (1920–1921) and Ambassador to Switzerland (1921–1924). In 1924, Grew became the Under Secretary of State, and in this position he oversaw the establishment of the U.S. Foreign Service. Grew was the Ambassador to Turkey (1927–1932) and the Ambassador to Japan beginning in 1932. He was the American ambassador in Tokyo at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) and the opening of war between the United States and the Japanese Empire.

Ambassador Grew was interned for nine months by the Japanese government, but he was released to return to the United States in July 1942.[2][3]

Early life

Grew was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in May 1880, and starting in his early years, he was groomed for public service. At the age of 12 he was sent to Groton School, a boys' preparatory school whose purpose was to "cultivate manly Christian character". Grew was there just two grades ahead of Franklin D. Roosevelt. During his youth, Grew enjoyed the outdoors, sailing, camping, and hunting during his summers away from school. After graduating from Groton, one of only four men in his class to do so, Grew attended Harvard University, graduating in 1902.[4]

Following graduation, Grew made a tour of the Far East, and nearly died after being stricken with malaria. While recovering in India, he became friends with an American consul there. This inspired him to abandon his plan of following in his father's career as a banker, and he decided to go into diplomatic service.[5]

Career

In 1904, Grew obtained his first job in diplomacy as a clerk at the American consulate in Cairo, Egypt. Grew was then promoted to vice-consul in Egypt.[6] From 1912 to 1917, Grew was an aide to the American ambassador James W. Gerard in Berlin, serving in Germany until the United States entered World War I in April 1917 and diplomatic relations were broken with Germany. Grew later found himself in a very similar situation when the United States went to war with the Japanese Empire in 1941.[6] In November 1918 after the Armistice was signed with Germany, Grew worked at the United States Department of State in Washington, D.C. In 1918, Grew was appointed secretary to the United States Commission to the Versailles Peace Conference.

Ambassador to Denmark

After the Versailles Peace Conference, from April 7, 1920, until October 14, 1921, Grew served as the U.S. Ambassador to Denmark appointed by President Woodrow Wilson. He was preceded by Norman Hapgood and succeeded by John Dyneley Prince.

Ambassador to Switzerland

On September 24, 1921, Grew replaced Hampson Gary as the United States Ambassador to Switzerland, appointed by President Warren Harding. In 1922, he and Richard Child acted as the American observers at the Conference of Lausanne.[7] Grew served as Ambassador until March 22, 1924, when Hugh S. Gibson replaced him.

Under Secretary of State (1924–1927)

From April 16, 1924, until June 30, 1927, Grew served as the Under Secretary of State in Washington under President Calvin Coolidge, taking over from William Phillips.

Ambassador to Turkey

In 1927, Grew was appointed as the American ambassador to Turkey. He served in Constantinople for five years from 1927 until 1932 at which point he was offered the opportunity to return to the Far East.

Ambassador to Japan

In 1932, Grew was appointed by President Herbert Hoover to succeed William Cameron Forbes as the United States Ambassador to Japan, where he took up his posting on June 6.[8] Ambassador and Mrs. Grew had been happy in Turkey, and were hesitant about the move, but decided that Grew would have a unique opportunity to make the difference between peace and war between the United States and Japan. The Grews soon became popular in Japanese society, joining clubs and societies there, and adapting to the culture, even as relations between the two countries deteriorated.

On January 27, 1941, Grew secretly cabled the United States with information gathered from Ricardo Rivera Screiber, Peruvian Minister to Japan, that "Japan military forces planned a surprise mass attack at Pearl Harbor in case of 'trouble' with the United States", information that was declassified twelve years later.[9][10][11] Grew's account says "There is a lot of talk around town to the effect that the Japanese in case of a break with the United States, are planning to go all out in a surprise mass attack on Pearl Harbour. Of course I informed our Government".[12]

Grew's report was provided to Admiral Harold R. Stark, Chief of Naval Operations, and Admiral Husband Kimmel, Commander-in-chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, but it was discounted by both.[13]

Months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Robert Stinnett in Day of Deceit claimed that Japan's naval ministry registered a fallacious protest with Ambassador Grew in Tokyo: "On the night of July 31, 1941, Japanese fleet units at anchor in Sukumo Bay picked up the sound of propellers approaching Bungo Channel from the eastward. Duty destroyers of the Japanese navy investigated and sighted two darkened cruisers that disappeared in a southerly direction behind a smoke screen when they were challenged." The protest concluded: "Japanese naval officers believe the vessels were United States cruisers."[14] Grew's own account is that on July 31 a Japanese naval aviator dropped a bomb very near the Tutuila at Chungking; he said it was "utterly inconceivable" that the incident was accidental and he protested to Foreign Minister. He headed the section "Japan and America come within eight yards of war" Yosuke Matsuoka.[15]

Grew was serving as U.S. Ambassador until December 7, 1941, when the United States and Japan severed diplomatic relations after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor and Allied diplomats were interned. When he realised the low-flying planes over Tokyo were American (not Japanese planes on maneuvers) he thought they may have flown from the Aleutian Islands, as they appeared too large to be from a carrier. The Japanese press claimed that nine had been shot down, but there were no pictures of crashed planes. Embassy staff were "very happy and proud".[16]

In accordance with diplomatic treaties, the United States and Japan negotiated the repatriation of their diplomats via neutral territory. In July 1942, Grew and 1,450 other American and foreign citizens went via steamship from Tokyo to Lourenço Marques in Portuguese East Africa (now Maputo, Mozambique) aboard the Japanese liner Asama Maru and her backup, the Italian liner Conte Verde. The Japanese Ambassador to the United States, Kichisaburo Nomura, along with 1,096 other Japanese citizens, steamed from New York City to Lourenço Marques on board the Gripsholm, an ocean liner registered in Sweden. On July 22, the exchange of personnel took place, and then the Gripsholm steamed to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and thence to New Jersey.[17]

The atomic bomb dilemma

Grew wrote in 1942 that while he expected Nazi Germany to collapse as the German Empire had in 1918, he did not expect the Japanese Empire to do so:

I know Japan; I lived there for ten years. I know the Japanese intimately. The Japanese will not crack. They will not crack morally or psychologically or economically, even when eventual defeat stares them in the face. They will pull in their belts another notch, reduce their rations from a bowl to a half bowl of rice, and fight to the bitter end. Only by utter physical destruction or utter exhaustion of their men and materials can they be defeated.[18]

Grew became a member of a committee, along with the Secretary of War, Henry Stimson, and the Secretary of the Navy, James Forrestal, that sought to work out an alternative to the use of the atomic bomb as a weapon, in order to bring about Japan's surrender. Assistant Secretary of War John J. McCloy drafted a proposed surrender demand for the Committee of Three, which was incorporated into Article 12 of the Potsdam Declaration. The original language of the Proclamation would have increased the chances for Japanese surrender as it allowed the Japanese government to maintain its emperor as a "constitutional monarchy". President Harry S. Truman, who was influenced by Secretary of State James Byrnes during the trip via warship to Europe for the Potsdam Conference, changed the language of the surrender demand. Grew knew how important the emperor was to the Japanese people and believed that the condition could have led to Japanese surrender without using the atomic bombs.

Under Secretary of State (1944–1945)

Grew was again appointed as an Under Secretary of State upon his return to the United States serving from December 20, 1944 until August 15, 1945 under President Roosevelt. In 1943, Grew received an honorary doctorate from Bates College. He served as the Acting Secretary of State for most of the period from January through August 1945 while the Secretaries of State Edward Stettinius and James F. Byrnes were away at conferences. Among high-level officials in the Truman Administration, Grew was the most knowledgeable of Japanese issues, after having spent so many years in Japan. Grew was also the author of a profoundly influential book about Japan, titled Ten Years in Japan.

Forcible return of Soviet POWs

By May 1945, the U.S. held a number of Soviet prisoners-of-war (POWs) who had been captured while serving voluntarily or involuntarily[19] in some capacity in the German Army, mostly as rear area personnel (ammunition bearers, cooks, drivers, sanitation orderlies, or guards).

Unlike the German prisoners, who were looking forward to release at war's end, the Soviet prisoners urgently requested asylum in the United States, or at least repatriation to a country not under Soviet occupation, as they knew they would be shot by Joseph Stalin as traitors for being captured (under Soviet law, one only had to surrender to earn the death penalty).[20][21]

The question of the Soviet POWs' conduct was difficult to determine, though not their fate if repatriated. Most of the Soviet POWs stated that they had been given a choice by the Germans: volunteer for labor duty with the German army, or be turned over to the Gestapo for execution or service in an arbeitslager (a camp used to work prisoners until they died of starvation or illness). In any case, in Stalin's eyes they were dead men, as they had 1) been captured alive, 2) had been 'contaminated' by contact with those in bourgeois Western nations, and 3) had been found in service with the German army.[19]

Notified of their impending transfer to Soviet authorities, a riot at their POW camp erupted; while no one was killed by the guards, some were wounded while other Soviet prisoners hanged themselves; President Truman granted the men a temporary reprieve. Nevertheless, Grew, as Acting Secretary of State, signed an order on July 11, 1945 forcing the repatriation of the Soviet POWs to the Soviet Union. Soviet cooperation, it was believed, would prove necessary to remake the face of postwar Europe. On August 31, 1945, the 153 survivors were officially returned to the Soviet Union; their ultimate fate is unknown.[21]

Other work

Grew's book Sport and Travel in the Far East was a favorite one of Roosevelt's. The introduction to the 1910 Houghton Mifflin printing of the book features the following introduction written by Roosevelt:

My dear Grew,— I was greatly interested in your book "Sport and Travel in the Far East" and I think it is a fine thing to have a member of our diplomatic service able both to do what you have done, and to write about it as well and as interestingly as you have written.... Your description, both of the actual hunting and the people and surroundings, is really excellent;...

In 1945, after Grew left the State Department, he wrote two volumes of professional memoirs, published in 1952.

Personal life

Painting of his wife and her sisters, Lilla Cabot Perry, The Trio (Alice, Edith, and, Margaret Perry) by their mother, Lilla Cabot Perry, ca. 1898–1900

Grew married Alice Perry (b. 1884), the daughter of premier American impressionist painter Lilla Cabot Perry (1848–1933), daughter of Dr. Samuel Cabot (of the New England Cabots) and her husband, noted American scholar Thomas Sergeant Perry (1845–1928). Through her paternal grandfather, she was a great-granddaughter of famed American naval hero Oliver Hazard Perry. Together, Joseph and Alice were the parents of:

He died two days before his 85th birthday on May 25, 1965.

Descendants

Grew's grandson, Jay Pierrepont Moffat, Jr. (b. 1932), was the United States Ambassador to Chad from 1983 to 1985.

In the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora!, a historical drama about the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the part of US Ambassador Joseph Grew was played by Meredith Weatherby.

Published works

References

  1. ↑ "Austria (ambassadors to Austria)". Chiefs of Mission. United States Department of State. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
  2. ↑ "Japan (ambassadors to Japan)". Chiefs of Mission. United States Department of State. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
  3. ↑ "Ambassador J. Thomas Schieffer: Statement on his Arrival in Japan". United States Department of State: Embassy of the U.S. in Japan. April 8, 2005. Archived from the original on April 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
  4. ↑ Heinrichs, Waldo. American Ambassador: Joseph C. Grew and the Development of the American Diplomatic Tradition, Oxford University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-19-504159-3.
  5. ↑ Current Biography Yearbook, 1941, pp 345-46.
  6. 1 2 Id. at p. 346
  7. ↑ MacMillan, Margaret. "Paris 1919". Random House, 2002, p. 452
  8. ↑ Grew 1944, pp. 6-9.
  9. ↑ "Word Of Jap Attack Plan Cabled By Grew In January: White Book Bares Series Of Admonitions Dating Back To 1932 Ruthless Development Of Axis Policy Of World Domination Traced". The Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, Maryland). 3 Jan 1943. p. 1. "Then on January 27, 1941, Grey informed the State Department of 'reports from many sources, including a Japanese source, that Japanese military forces planned a surprise mass attack at Pearl Harbor in case of "trouble" with the United States.'"
  10. ↑ "Papers Show Joseph Grew Saw Possible Jap Attack," Frederick Post, August 4, 1953, p. 2.
  11. ↑ "Peruvian Envoy Gave Tip On Surprise Raid Plans". The New York Times. November 24, 1945. p. 12. "Records of the State Department which were turned over today to the Congressional Committee Investigating Pearl Harbor, disclosed that the message sent by Joseph C. Grew, Ambassador to Japan, on Jan. 27, 1941, warning that the Japanese planned, in the event of trouble with the United States, to make a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was based on information received by a member of the American Embassy staff in Tokyo from Dr. Ricardo Rivera Screiber, Peruvian Minister to Japan. The Minister was known as one with excellent Japanese sources."
  12. ↑ Grew 1944, p. 368.
  13. ↑ "Japan's War," Edwin P. Hoyt, (First Cooper Square Press, New York, 2001), p. 197
  14. ↑ Robert Stinnett, Day of Deceit (New York: Robert B. Stinnett, 2000), p. 10.
  15. ↑ Grew 1944, p. 413.
  16. ↑ Grew 1944, pp. 526,527.
  17. ↑ "Yank Free from Japan Reports 600 Tokyo Raid Deaths, Army Suicides," The Fresno Bee, July 24, 1942, p. 2.
  18. ↑ Grew, Joseph C. (1942-12-07). "Report from Tokyo". Life. p. 79. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
  19. 1 2 Newland, Samuel, Cossacks in the German Army, 1941–1945, Routledge Press (1991), ISBN 0-7146-3351-8, ISBN 978-0-7146-3351-0, p. 32
  20. ↑ Tolstoy, Nikolai, Stalin's Secret War, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston (1981), ISBN 0-03-047266-0
  21. 1 2 Blackwell, Jon, "1945: Prisoners' dilemma", The Trentonian

Further reading

  • DeConde, Alexander, et al. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002. ISBN 0-684-80658-4.
  • Grew, Joseph C (1944). Ten Years in Japan. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Grew, Joseph C. Turbulent Era: A Diplomatic Record of Forty Years, 1904–1945, Books for Libraries Press, 1952.
  • Stearns, Peter N (ed.). Encyclopedia of World History (6 ed.). The Houghton Mifflin Company/ Bartleby.com. Citation
  • Van Der Vat, Dan. Pearl Harbor: An Illustrated History, Basic Books, 2001. ISBN 0-465-08983-6.
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Norman Hapgood		 U.S. Ambassador to Denmark
1920–1921		 Succeeded by
John Dyneley Prince
Preceded by
Hampson Gary		 U.S. Ambassador to Switzerland
1921–1924		 Succeeded by
Hugh S. Gibson
Preceded by
Abram I. Elkus		 U.S. Ambassador to Turkey
1927–1932		 Succeeded by
Charles H. Sherrill
Preceded by
W. Cameron Forbes		 U.S. Ambassador to Japan
1932–1941		 Succeeded by
none
(World War II began)
Political offices
Preceded by
William Phillips		 Under Secretary of State
1924–1927		 Succeeded by
Robert E. Olds
Preceded by
Edward R. Stettinius, Jr.		 Under Secretary of State
1944–1945		 Succeeded by
Dean G. Acheson
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