Persian Gulf Pro League

Persian Gulf Pro League
لیگ برتر خلیج فارس
Founded 2001 (2001)
Country Iran
Confederation AFC
Number of teams 16
Level on pyramid 1
Relegation to Azadegan League
Domestic cup(s) Hazfi Cup
Iranian Super Cup
International cup(s) AFC Champions League
Current champions Persepolis (4th title)
(2017–18)
Most championships Sepahan (5 titles)
Most appearances Ebrahim Sadeghi (437)
Top goalscorer Reza Enayati (149 goals)
TV partners
Website IranLeague.ir
2018–19 Persian Gulf Pro League

The Persian Gulf Pro League (Persian: لیگ برتر خلیج فارس‎), formerly known as the Iran Pro League (Persian: لیگ برتر فوتبال ایران‎), is the highest division of professional football in Iran. The league was also known as the Persian Gulf Cup (Persian: جام خلیج فارس‎) from 2006. It is the top-level football league in Iran since its foundation in 2 November 2001. Each year, the top finishing team in the Persian Gulf Pro League becomes the Iranian football champion, and the lowest finishing teams are relegated to Azadegan League.

Since 2013, the league comprises 16 teams. The winner and runner-up of the Persian Gulf Pro League and the Hazfi Cup champion are automatically qualified for the AFC Champions League group stage. The third of the Persian Gulf Pro League is qualified for the AFC Champions League Play-off round. The bottom two teams in the league are relegated to Azadegan League. In the past, the format and number of teams were changed for various times. Sepahan is the most successful club, with five titles, while Persepolis is the Iranian record champion, with 11 titles.

History

League Trophy, being crafted to be used in 2017 title and onward.

To the turn of the millennium the Iranian Football Federation decided to create a new professional football league. In 2001 the Iran Pro League was founded as the new top-level football league in Iran.[1] With the foundation of the Iran Pro League also the professional football was finally established in Iran. After the Iran Pro League was established as the professional football league of Iran, Azadegan League was declared as the second-highest league in the Iranian football league system.[1] The Iran Pro League comprised 14 clubs until the 2003–04 season.

Persian Gulf Pro League champions
Season Champions Runners-up
2001–02 Persepolis Esteghlal
2002–03 Sepahan PAS Tehran
2003–04 PAS Tehran Esteghlal
2004–05 Foolad Zob Ahan
2005–06 Esteghlal PAS Tehran
2006–07 Saipa Esteghlal Ahvaz
2007–08 Persepolis Sepahan
2008–09 Esteghlal Zob Ahan
2009–10 Sepahan Zob Ahan
2010–11 Sepahan Esteghlal
2011–12 Sepahan Tractor Sazi
2012–13 Esteghlal Tractor Sazi
2013–14 Foolad Persepolis
2014–15 Sepahan Tractor Sazi
2015–16 Esteghlal Khuzestan Persepolis
2016–17 Persepolis Esteghlal
2017–18 Persepolis Zob Ahan

The first winner of the Iran Pro League was Persepolis, who beat archrival Esteghlal by one point on the final match day. Esteghlal was the leading team after 25 matchdays, but they lost their last match away against Malavan 0–1, while Persepolis could beat Fajr Sepasi with the same score at home. Esteghlal Rasht and East Azerbaijan's famous club Tractor Sazi had been relegated to the Azadegan League. Tractor Sazi needs eight years when they returned finally back to Iran's highest division. The first top goal scorer of the Iran Pro League was Reza Enayati of Aboumoslem with 17 goals. The next season was won by Sepahan, the most supported team of Isfahan. Sepahan was the first Iranian football champion based outside of the capital Tehran. At the end of the season three traditional teams were relegated to Azadegan League: Aboumoslem, Malavan and Sanat Naft Abadan.

The vice champion of the 2002–03 season, PAS Tehran, became the Iranian football champion of the 2003–04 Iran Pro League. It was the last Iranian championship for PAS Tehran as one of the most successful Iranian football clubs of all time. PAS Tehran's professional football team was dissolved in 2007. Ali Daei, who returned to Persepolis, became the top goal scorer with 16 goals. The 2003–04 season was the last edition of the league with 14 teams.

In 2004 the number of teams were increased from 14 to 16 teams. Foolad of Ahvaz became the first champion from Khuzestan Province after winning the 2004–05 Iran Pro League six points ahead of Zob Ahan. Reza Enayati of Esteghlal became the league's top goal scorer for the second time in his career after scoring 20 goals in 24 matches. He repeated his success with 21 goals in the 2005–06 Iran Pro League when Esteghlal celebrated their first championship since 2001. They defeated Bargh Shiraz in front of over 100,000 fans at Azadi 4–1 and won the league one point ahead of PAS Tehran. Shamoushak Noshahr and Shahid Ghandi (today known as Tarbiat Yazd) relegated to Azadegan League.

Persian Gulf Cup

Persepolis fans during the dramatic league final against Sepahan in 2008

On 12 August 2006, the Iranian Football Federation decided to give the league another name.[2] Since then the league primarily had been known in Iran as Persian Gulf Cup. The Football Federation decided this to promote the Persian naming. The name of the Persian Gulf has been disputed by some Arab countries since the 1960s due to political and ethnic differences between Iran and Arab countries. The football Federation decided also to change the logo of the league. The finally logo was selected from over 130 designs and unveiled on 14 November 2006.[3] Under the leadership of Iranian football legend Ali Daei, Saipa won the 2006–07 Persian Gulf Cup two points ahead of Esteghlal Ahvaz. Until 2007 six different teams won the league title successively. For the first time in history a foreign player became the league's top goal scorer. Nigerian striker Daniel Olerum scored 17 goals in 27 matches for Aboumoslem. The winner of only two seasons before, Foolad, had to relegated to Azadegan League.

Before the start of the 2007–08 season the number of teams were increased from 16 to 18 teams. The professional football team of PAS Tehran was also dissolved before the start of the season. Instead of PAS Tehran a new club was founded in Hamadan and named PAS Hamedan. This was part of the strategy by the Iranian Football Federation to locate more teams in cities outside of Tehran. In 2008 also Saba Battery was moved from Tehran to Qom. Since then the club is known as Saba Qom. The championship of the 2007–08 season was decided on the last macthday. Persepolis defeated Sepahan in front of an incredible crowd of 110,000 fans at Azadi 2–1. Sepehr Heidari scored the decisive goal in a dramatic match in the sixth minute of additional time. Sanat Naft and Shirin Faraz (today known as Rahian Kermanshah) relegated to Azadegan League. The next season was dominated by Perspolis archrival Esteghlal and the two surprising teams Zob Ahan and Mes Kerman. Zob Ahan was the leading team after 75 minutes on matchday 34 before they lost their match against Foolad due to three conceded goals in the last 15 minutes with 1–4. In the meantime Esteghlal saved their 1–0 lead against Payam Mashhad and won the league due to better goal difference. Last but not least Payam Mashhad had to relegated alongside Bargh Shiraz and Damash.

Esteghlal celebrate the championship in 2013.

The 2009–10 Persian Gulf Cup was dominated by the two Isfahan based clubs Sepahan and Zob Ahan. Ultimately Sepahan won the league six points before Zob Ahan. Sepahan Iraqi striker Emad Mohammed became the second foreign player, who won the league's top goal scorer award. He scored 19 goals, one more as teammate Ibrahima Touré. Sepahan repeated their success by winning the 2010–11 and 2011–12 Persian Gulf Cup. For the first time in history of Iranian football a team became the Iranian champion three times in a row. Esteghlal broke Sepahan's success finally in 2013. Esteghlal won the 2012–13 Persian Gulf Cup and became for the eight time in their history the Iranian champion. During an exciting championship battle between Esteghlal and Sepahan, they faced each other in Tehran's Azadi Stadium on week 32. Moharram Navidkia scored the opening goal for Sepahan, however Esteghlal equalized in the 94th minute due to an own goal by Sepahan defender Mohsen Irannejad. On week 33 Sepahan lost their away game against Damash 1–2 while Esteghlal could beat Foolad in Ahvaz with 1–0 and became the 2013 champion.

The League was scaled down from 18 to 16 teams before the beginning of the next season. Foolad won the 2013–14 Persian Gulf Cup after an exciting, though a very defensive season at the same time. At the end Foolad ranged just 36 goals for the title. On the last matchday four other teams, Esteghlal, Naft Tehran, Persepolis and Sepahan, had the chance to win the championship alongside Foolad. While Esteghlal were defeated by Tractor Sazi at home with 1–3 and lost their AFC Champions League spot, Persepolis won their away game against Esteghlal Khuzestan with 1–0. Sepahan and Naft Tehran faced each other directly. Also Sepahan lost their AFC Champions League spot although they won the match with 1–0. Both teams had the same goal difference but Naft Tehran scored more goals in the season. Finally Foolad saved their championship after they defeated Gostaresh Foulad away by a goal of Mehrdad Jama'ati.

Persian Gulf Pro League

Esteghlal Khuzestan celebrate their sensational championship in 2016.

The league changed its name from Persian Gulf Cup to Persian Gulf Pro League in 2014. The Iranian Football Federation decided also to change the logos of the Persian Gulf Pro League and of the Azadegan League. The 2014–15 Persian Gulf Pro League was embossed by an exciting championship battle between Sepahan, Tractor Sazi and Naft Tehran. Tractor Sazi was ahead of their opponents Naft Tehran on goal difference, and a point of Sepahan. Tractor Sazi and Naft Tehran faced each other at Sahand, while Sepahan had to play Saipa at home. Tractor Sazi were in front 3–1 after an hour thanks to goals from Brazilian striker Edinho, Andranik Teymourian and Farid Karimi. But then the game started to turn worse for Tractor Sazi. A very controversial red card for national team captain Andranik Teymourian and two goals by the visitors destroyed Tractor Sazi dreams. Furthermore, there were strange events in the stadium, including a lot of misinformation and disturbed telecommunication. Although Sepahan secured their title with a 2–0 victory over Saipa, thousands of Tractor Sazi supporters celebrated on the pitch, believing that they won the league for the first time in club's history.[4][5]

Also the 2015–16 Persian Gulf Pro League was not decided until the last matchday. Thanks to two goals from Rahim Zahivi at the last matchday against Zob Ahan, the Ahvaz based team Esteghlal Khuzestan won the league sensational in front of Persepolis and Esteghlal.[6] Persepolis missed their big opportunity winning the league after eight years. They were shocked on matchday 28 as they lost their match against Naft Tehran 0–2 at a packed Azadi. However Persepolis dominated the next season and won the 2016–17 Persian Gulf Pro League clear before Esteghlal and Tractor Sazi.[7]

Format

In the past, the number of teams were changed for various times. Since 2013, the league comprises 16 teams. Over the course of a season, which runs annually from July to the following May, each team plays twice against the others in the league, once at home and once away, resulting in each team competing in 30 games in total. Three points are awarded for a win, one for a draw and zero for a loss. The teams are ranked in the league table by points gained, then goal difference, then goals scored and then their head-to-head record for that season.

At the end of the season, the club with the most points becomes the Iranian champion. Currently, the top two clubs in the table and the Hazfi Cup champion qualify automatically for the group phase of the AFC Champions League, while the third-place team enters the AFC Champions League at the Play-off round. The bottom two teams are relegated to Azadegan League. Furthermore, all teams in the Persian Gulf Pro League can participate in the Hazfi Cup.

Number of teams Period
14 2001–02 until 2003–04
16 2004–05 until 2006–07, since 2013–14
18 2007–08 until 2012–13

Ranking

Ranking Member association Total Points FIFA points Club points 2018 2017 2016 2015
20182017MvmtPoints(10%)Points(90%)
132 +2China China96.2414986.24155.067 90.000 0.00024.56714.75015.750
21-1 -1United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates94.7934765.96554.35088.828 0.00011.35018.00025.000
363 +3Qatar Qatar93.0333294.12354.40088.910 0.00013.40022.00019.000
451 +1Japan Japan85.3156007.51947.60077.796 0.00021.85010.50015.250
52-3 -3South Korea South Korea84.6945707.14347.45077.551 0.0009.95020.75016.750
64-2 -2Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia77.6555436.80543.35070.850 0.00018.6009.50015.250
770 —Iran Iran76.11079810.00040.45066.110 0.00016.20013.00011.250
880 —Australia Australia54.1437479.36127.40044.782 0.0005.90014.0007.500
9101 +1Thailand Thailand45.5322362.95726.05042.575 0.00015.0501.00010.000
10111 +1Iraq Iraq41.3364385.48921.93335.847 0.0008.9339.8333.167

Notes: As of 21 December 2017

Current clubs

Team Location Stadium Capacity
Esteghlal Tehran Azadi 78,116
Esteghlal Khuzestan Ahvaz Ghadir 38,900
Foolad Ahvaz Foolad Arena 30,655
Machine Sazi Tabriz Sahand 66,833
Naft Masjed Soleyman Masjed Soleyman Behnam Mohammadi 8,000
Nassaji Mazandaran Qaem Shahr Vatani 15,000
Padideh Mashhad Imam Reza 27,700
Pars Jonoubi Jam Jam Takhti Jam 15,000
Paykan Shahr-e Qods Shahre Qods 25,000
Persepolis Tehran Azadi 78,116
Saipa Tehran Dastgerdi 8,250
Sanat Naft Abadan Takhti Abadan 8,000
Sepahan Isfahan Naghsh-e-Jahan 75,000
Sepidrood Rasht Sardar Jangal 15,000
Tractor Sazi Tabriz Sahand 66,833
Zob Ahan Fuladshahr Foolad Shahr 15,000

Champions

The following table lists the performance of each club describing winners of the Championship.

Team Champions Runners-up Third place
Sepahan 5 (2002–03, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2014–15) 1 (2007–08) 1 (2012–13)
Persepolis 4 (2001–02, 2007–08, 2016–17, 2017–18) 2 (2013–14, 2015–16) 2 (2002–03, 2006–07)
Esteghlal 3 (2005–06, 2008–09, 2012–13) 4 (2001–02, 2003–04, 2010–11, 2016–17) 5 (2004–05, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2015–16, 2017–18)
Foolad 2 (2004–05, 2013–14) — 2 (2001–02, 2003–04)
PAS Tehran 1 (2003–04) 2 (2002–03, 2005–06) —
Saipa 1 (2006–07) — 1 (2005–06)
Esteghlal Khuzestan 1 (2015–16) — —
Zob Ahan — 4 (2004–05, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2017–18) 1 (2010–11)
Tractor Sazi — 3 (2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15) 1 (2016–17)
Esteghlal Ahvaz — 1 (2006–07) —
Naft Tehran — — 2 (2013–14, 2014–15)
Saba Qom — — 1 (2007–08)
Mes Kerman — — 1 (2008–09)

All-time table

Pos. Club Seasons Matches Win Draw Loss GF GA GD Pts Champions Runners-up Third place Relegated Best rank
1Esteghlal1 17522255165102773492+281929345—1st
2Persepolis3 4 5 17522238166118741520+221867422—1st
3Sepahan2 17522230166126741515+226853511—1st
4Zob Ahan6 17522210175137654525+129804—41—2nd
5Foolad 16488186166136577502+757242—211st
6Saipa 17522167181174589599−106821—1—1st
7Saba Qom 13414128159127468460+8543——113rd
8Malavan7 14436121145170403502−99507———27th
9Tractor Sazi8 1031212910875415322+96494—31—2nd
10Paykan 13398122113163413495−81489———45th
11Fajr Sepasi 12368101135132347406−59438———24th
12Rah Ahan 1135491114149353447−94387———18th
13Naft Tehran 8252918873284258+27361——213rd
14Mes Kerman 8264859980310292+18354——113rd
15Aboumoslem 9270839097295304−9339———14th
16Esteghlal Ahvaz 92748078116327402−75318—1—22nd
17PAS Tehran9 6168725937263181+8227412——1st
18Bargh Shiraz 8236607898250335−85258———17th
19Sanat Naft 72226161100238317−85244———39th
20Esteghlal Khuzestan 5150425949155172−181851———1st
21Gostaresh Foulad 5150396051147161−14177————8th
22PAS Hamedan 4136384850143165−22162———15th
23Damash10 4132334653140177−33145———27th
24Padideh 4120344343114129−15139————10th
25Shahin Bushehr 310223384196118−22107———113th
26Pegah 39020284270122−5288———19th
27Steel Azin11 26819232685112−2780———15th
28Shamoushak Noshahr 38616264464118−5474———114th
29Siah Jamegan 39015274864117−5372———113th
30Shahrdari Tabriz 2681429257997−1871———112th
31Pars Jonoubi Jam 130111453424+1047————5th
32Aluminium Hormozgan 134714132640−1435———115th
33Payam Mashhad 13498173352−1935———116th
34Sepidrood 13086162439−1530————13th
35Mes Sarcheshmeh 13459202354−3124———118th
36Naft Masjed Soleyman 130313141939−2022———116th
37Rahian Kermanshah12 134312192559−3421———118th
38Tarbiat Yazd13 13047192143−2219———116th
39Gahar Zagros14 134310212459−3519———118th
40Esteghlal Rasht 12637161844−2616———113th
41Machine Sazi 13037201845−2716———116th
42Nassaji Mazandaran ——————————————
2018–19 Persian Gulf Pro League
2018–19 Azadegan League
Dissolved

Source: iplstats.com
Notes:
Only league matches; play-offs are not included in the all-time table.
1 Esteghlal was deducted one point in the 2013–14 season.
2 Sepahan was deducted three points in the 2007–08 season.
3 Persepolis was deducted six points in the 2005–06 season.
4 Persepolis was deducted six points in the 2007–08 season.
5 Persepolis was deducted one point in the 2013–14 season.
6 Zob Ahan was deducted one point in the 2005–06 season.
7 Malavan was deducted one point in the 2013–14 season.
8 Tractor Sazi was deducted one point in the 2013–14 season.
9 PAS Tehran was deducted one point in the 2006–07 season.
10 Damash was deducted one point in the 2013–14 season.
11 Steel Azin was formerly known as Ekbatan.
12 Rahian Kermanshah was formerly known as Shirin Faraz.
13 Tarbiat Yazd was formerly known as Shahid Ghandi.
14 Gahar Zagros was formerly known as Damash Lorestan.

Attendances

Average league attendances

Season Average Highest attended club Club average Lowest attended club Club average
2005–06 9,179 Esteghlal 33,467 Shamoushak Noshahr 3,542
2006–07 10,119 Esteghlal 35,000 Rah Ahan 4,073
2007–08 11,235 Persepolis 60,000 Rah Ahan 2,647
2008–09 8,954 Persepolis 40,688 PAS Hamedan 3,706
2009–10 12,298 Tractor Sazi 57,647 Paykan 2,313
2010–11 9,383 Tractor Sazi 42,000 Paykan 1,941
2011–12 9,488 Tractor Sazi 39,533 Mes Sarcheshmeh 1,706
2012–13 7,964 Esteghlal 34,250 Rah Ahan 1,942
2013–14 7,631 Persepolis 29,467 Rah Ahan 1,664
2014–15 6,921 Tractor Sazi 27,488 Saba Qom 1,365
2015–16 8,048 Persepolis 47,036 Naft Tehran 1,594
2016–17 8,086 Persepolis 48,567 Gostaresh Foulad 1,018
2017–18 9,060 Persepolis 39,786 Gostaresh Foulad 817

Notes:
Matches with spectator bans are not included in average attendances.

Highest attended season matches

Season Home team Score Away team Attendance Date Week Stadium
2005–06Esteghlal4–1Bargh Shiraz100,00021 April 200630Azadi
2006–07Persepolis2–1Esteghlal95,0003 November 20068Azadi
2007–08Persepolis2–1Sepahan110,00017 May 200834Azadi
2008–09Persepolis2–0Damash90,00025 September 20088Azadi
Persepolis1–1Esteghlal90,0003 October 20089Azadi
Esteghlal1–1Persepolis90,00013 February 200926Azadi
2009–10Tractor Sazi0–0Moghavemat95,00022 January 201024Sahand
2010–11Esteghlal1–0Persepolis100,00015 October 201011Azadi
2011–12Persepolis0–2Esteghlal100,00016 September 20117Azadi
2012–13Esteghlal0–0Persepolis100,00025 January 201323Azadi
Esteghlal1–2Damash100,00010 May 201334Azadi
2013–14Esteghlal0–0Persepolis100,0006 September 20138Azadi
2014–15Tractor Sazi3–3Naft Tehran80,00015 May 201530Sahand
2015–16Persepolis4–2Esteghlal100,00015 April 201626Azadi
2016–17Persepolis4–0Padideh80,00019 April 201728Azadi
2017–18Esteghlal1–0Persepolis100,0001 March 201825Azadi

Records

All-time top scorers

As of August 31, 2018
No. Player Goals Years
1 Iran Reza Enayati1492001–2017
2 Iran Mehdi Rajabzadeh1162001–2018
3 Iran Arash Borhani1142002–2017
4 Iran Fereydoon Fazli852001–2010
5 Brazil Édinho822008–present
6 Iran Jalal Rafkhaei792005–present
7 Iran Karim Ansarifard772007–2014
8 Iran Mohammad Reza Khalatbari732004–present
9 Iran Mohammad Gholami712001–present
10 Iraq Emad Mohammed702005–2012
11 Iran Mehdi Seyedsalehi681997–2010
12 Iran Reza Norouzi672007–2018
13 Iran Milad Meydavoudi662004–present
14 Iran Siavash Akbarpour652004–2015
15 Iran Mohammad Ghazi642007–present
16 Brazil Luciano Periera612012–present

Players in bold are still active in the league.

All-time top appearances

As of August 17, 2018
No Player Appearance Years
1 Iran Ebrahim Sadeghi 437 2000– 2017
2 Iran Jalal Hosseini 404 2002–present
3 Iran Mehdi Rahmati 398 2000–present
4 Iran Mehdi Rajabzadeh 381 2001– 2018
5 Iran Morteza Asadi 380 2005–present
6 Iran Amir Hossein Sadeghi 379 2003–present
7 Iran Pejman Nouri 367 2001–present
8 Iran Khosro Heydari 366 2002–present
9 Iran Mohsen Bengar 365 2003–present
10 Iran Reza Enayati 358 2001 to 2017
11 Iran Mohammad Nosrati 346 2000– 2014
12 Iran Sepehr Heydari 328 2001– 2014
13 Iran Arash Borhani 327 2002– 2016
14 Iran Mohammad Nouri 324 2005–present
15 Iran Majid Ayoubi 319 2001– 2015
16 Iran Hadi Aghily 311 2000– 2016

Broadcasting and sponsorship

Broadcasting

Logo of IRIB TV3, the league's important TV partner

The state-owned television channel IRIB has the broadcasting rights for the most matches of the Persian Gulf Pro League, Azadegan League and Hazfi Cup. Each match of Esteghlal and Persepolis is broadcasting by IRIB TV3, IRIB's popular channel. In addition to that Esteghlal and Persepolis playing not at the same time with the exception of the Sorkhabi derby and the last two matchdays of each season. IRIB Varzesh shows other important matches, while the remaining games are shown on IRIB regional channels. Furthermore, Navad, a popular weekly football program broadcast by IRIB TV3, shows highlights of all Persian Gulf Pro League and Azadegan League matches.

Sponsorship

The Persian Gulf Pro League has been sponsored since 2005. There have been four sponsors since the league's formation.

  • 2001–2005: no sponsor
  • 2005–2007: Zamzam
  • 2007–2009: Padideh
  • 2009–2014: Irancell
  • 2014–2016: Sun Star
  • 2016–present: Fanap

According to a study from November 2012, clubs in the 2010–11 Persian Gulf Cup on average obtained 15% of their income from sponsorships.[8]

Ownership

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Foundation of the Iran Pro League". iranleague.ir. Retrieved 2017-09-23.
  2. ↑ برنامه‌ي كامل دور رفت ششمين دوره‌ي ليگ برتر فوتبال؛ ليگ برتر به "خليج فارس" تغيير نام داد (in Persian). ISNA. Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
  3. ↑ برترين طرح ارائه شده براي ليگ برتر انتخاب شد (in Persian). IRIFF Official Website. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2006-11-24.
  4. ↑ Hurrey, Adam (18 May 2015). "Iranian side mistakenly celebrate winning the league title" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  5. ↑ "Sepahan Wins Iran Professional League - Tasnim News Agency".
  6. ↑ "Esteghlal Khuzestan crowned IPL champion, Malavan and Rah Ahan relegated(VIDEO)".
  7. ↑ "Persepolis Crowned Champion of Persian Gulf Pro League 2016/17". 19 April 2017.
  8. ↑ Mahsa Qorbani; Mohammad Javad Sheikh; Meysam Bagheri (November 2012). "A comparative study of how to finance professional football premier leagues in Iran and England" (PDF). Scholarly Journal of Business Administration. 2 (9): 147. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
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