Holland America Line

Holland America Line N.V.
Subsidiary
Industry Transportation
Founded 1873 as the Netherlands-America Steamship Company
Headquarters Seattle, Washington, U.S.
Key people
 Stein Kruse (Chief Executive Officer, Holland America Group) Orlando Ashford (President)
Products Cruises
Parent Carnival Corporation & plc
Website www.hollandamerica.com
Poster for Holland-Amerika Lijn, 1898

Holland America Line is a British/American-owned cruise line, a subsidiary of Carnival Corporation & plc. Originating in the Netherlands, the company is now based in Seattle, United States.

From 1873 to 1989, it was a Dutch shipping line, a passenger line, a cargo line and a cruise line operating primarily between the Netherlands and North America. As part of this rich legacy, it was instrumental in the transport of many hundreds of thousands of immigrants from the Netherlands to North America.

History as a Dutch shipping and passenger line (1873–1989)

Holland America Line was founded in 1893 as the Nederlandsche-Amerikaansche Stoomvaart Maatschappij (Dutch-American Steamship Company), a shipping and passenger line.[1] It was headquartered in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and provided service to the Americas. The company was formed as a result of the reorganization of an earlier company, Plate, Reuchlin & Co. The company's first ship was the original Rotterdam, which sailed its 15-day maiden voyage from the Netherlands to New York City on October 15, 1872. Other services were started to other new world ports, including Hoboken, Baltimore and South America. Cargo service to New York started in 1809.

During the first 25 years the company carried 400,000 people from Europe to the Americas. Other North American ports were added during the early 20th century.

Though transportation and shipping were the primary sources of revenue, in 1895 HAL offered its first vacation cruise. Its second vacation cruise, from New York to Palestine, was first offered in 1910.

One notable ship was the elegant 36,000 gross ton SS Nieuw Amsterdam of 1937, it and RMS Queen Mary being the only two liners built in the 1930s to make a profit.

At the start of the Second World War, HAL had 25 ships; nine remained at war's end. At the beginning of the war, the Westernland acquired from the Red Star Line in 1939, berthed at Falmouth, England, became the seat of the Dutch government.[2] The Nieuw Amsterdam sailed half a million miles transporting 400,000 military personnel. After the war, the cruise line was instrumental in transporting a massive wave of immigrants from the Netherlands to Canada and elsewhere.

Another notable ship during the post-war period was the SS Rotterdam of 1959, one of the first North Atlantic ships equipped for two-class transatlantic crossing and one-class luxury cruising.

By the late 1960s, the golden era of transatlantic passenger ships had been ended by the introduction of transatlantic jet air travel. HAL ended transatlantic service during the early 1970s, leaving the North Atlantic passenger trade for Cunard's RMS Queen Elizabeth 2.

In 1973 it sold its cargo shipping division.

It ceased operating as a Dutch line in 1989, when it was purchased by Carnival for 1.2 billion guilders (€530 million). The proceeds were put into an investment company (HAL Investments), the majority of which is owned by the van der Vorm family.

Former fleet (before 1989)

This is the category of Holland America Line Ships that left service or sank before 1989. The ones that had left service after 1989 are at the bottom of the page at the other category.

Former head office of HAL in Rotterdam, now the Hotel New York
  • MS Prinsendam, 1973–80 — Sank off of the coast of Alaska.
  • SS Veendam (III), 1972–74, 1975–76, 1978–84 — Last in service for Commodore Cruise Line as Enchanted Isle[3]
  • SS Volendam (I), 1922–1952 — 1940-45 Escaped to Britain in WW2, served as troop transport, returned to Rotterdam in 1945
  • SS Volendam (II), 1972–76, 1978–84 — Sister to SS Veendam (III); Last known as Universe Explorer of World Explorer Lines[4]
  • SS Statendam (I), 1898-1911 — Sold to the Allan Line
  • SS Statendam (II) — Taken over before completion as the White Star Line's SS Justicia
  • SS Statendam (III), 1929-1940 — Scrapped after being set on fire to avoid capture at Rotterdam
  • SS Statendam (IV), 1956–1982 — Last in service for Regent Star as Regency. Inactive after Regent Star went bankrupt.[5]
  • SS Maasdam (1921) (III) Torpedoed and sunk in convoy HX-133 on 27 Jun, 1941 by U-564 south of Iceland[6]
  • SS Maasdam (IV), 1952–1968 — 1968–1990 in service for Polish Ocean Lines as Stefan Batory, the last regularly scheduled transatlantic liner, scrapped Turkey 2000[7]
  • SS Ryndam (II), 1951–1973 — Sank 2003 on way to breakers[7]
  • SS Waterman, 1951–1963 — Launched January 16, 1945 Decommissioned 1970.[8]
  • SS Zuiderkruis, 1951–1963 — Launched May 5, 1944 Decommissioned 1969.[8]
  • SS Groote Beer, 1951–1963 — Launched June 17, 1944 Decommissioned 1971.[8]
  • SS Westerdam, 1945–1965 — Combination first class passenger/cargo vessel; scrapped Spain 1965
  • MV Zaandam, 1939–1942 — With passengers and 9200 tons of cargo was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean 300 nautical miles (560 km) north of Cape Sao Roque, Brazil, with the loss of 134 of the 299 people on board.[9]
  • SS Nieuw Amsterdam, 1937 — In WW2 escaped to US neutral port, served as a British War Transport carrying over 350,000, returned to Holland in 1946. Breakers yard in 1974.
  • SS Rotterdam, 1908 — Scrapped 1940.
  • SS Noordam, 1902 — Scrapped 1927, alerted RMS Titanic to ice early into its ill-fated maiden voyage.[10]
  • SS Potsdam, 1900 — Scrapped 1947. It was the largest ship HAL owned at the time it was in service.
  • SS Rotterdam, 1886 — scrapped 1895.
  • Rotterdam, 1872 — Wrecked September 26, 1883.
  • SS Veendam (II) — Sister ship of SS Volendam (I). In 1940, bombed in Rotterdam, repaired and requestioned by Hamburg-America Line. Used for German submarine crews stationed in Hamburg. Returned to service from Rotterdam 1947, scrapped Baltimore 1953.
  • MS Sommelsdijk (III) — 1939 Pacific service, wartime service as U.S. troopship until Atlantic service in 1947, renamed Sommelsdyk1954 and scrapped 1965.[11][12]

History as a US-based cruise line (1989–present)

In 1989, the Holland America Line was purchased by Carnival Corp, thus becoming an American owned cruise line headquartered in Seattle in the United States.[13]

The MS Rotterdam and MS Eurodam docked in Tallinn Estonia

In 2003, Holland America announced its "Signature of Excellence" program. The ongoing program has focused on upgrading existing ships. The first phase included adding the Pinnacle Grill specialty restaurant, the Neptune Lounge (for suite guests), the Culinary Arts Center with demonstration kitchen, expanded children’s and teens’ facilities, enhanced stateroom amenities, and improved dining and enrichment offerings. The second phase of improvements (announced in 2008) added a new bar lounge area called Mix, the Showroom at Sea show lounge/nightclub, the Retreat resort pool area with pizzeria and LED screen and the Canaletto Italian specialty restaurant among other enhancements.

In the summer of 2011, MS Rotterdam did two transatlantic crossings, the first traditional transatlantic runs made by the line in more than 40 years.

Since September 2012, Rotterdam has been based year-round out of Rotterdam, sailing to Europe, the Caribbean, as well as Asia.

MS Prinsendam and MS Amsterdam make annual "Grand Voyages" lasting more than 60 days, exploring more exotic destinations in South America and Africa; the MS Amsterdam also make annual World Voyages, sailing around the world, usually ranging from January to March/April/May.

The line currently operates five different classes of ship: the smaller and older S class vessels; the mid range R class; the Vista class; the newest and largest Signature class and the small 793-passenger Prinsendam (originally Royal Viking Sun, then Seabourn Sun until HAL's purchase in 2002).

All HAL ships have a dark blue hull with white superstructure, with the company's logo featured prominently on the functional smoke stacks.

Holland America also owns the following:

On October 26, 2012, it was announced that a memorandum of agreement had been signed with Italian shipbuilder Fincantieri for the construction of a 2,660-passenger ship for Holland America Line scheduled for delivery in spring 2016. The MS Koningsdam, which will be a new class of vessel for the line (The Pinnacle Class), will enter service five years after the last Holland America ship, the MS Nieuw Amsterdam, delivered in 2010. Also noted was that the addition of new ships would maintain passenger capacity if some of the older Carnival Corporation ships are sold.[15]

The Holland America Group of HAL and Princess Cruises have a letter of understanding to buy the Yukon White Pass Railways from Skagway to the US Cadaian border. The purchase will close July 31, 2018.

Current fleet

Statendam class (S class)

Vessel NameIn HAL
Service		Gross
Tonnage		Maximum
Speed		Passenger
Complement		Enclosed
Passenger Decks		FlagNotesImage
MS Maasdam199355,57522 knots1,2589 NetherlandsApril 2011 refit added Lanai and spa staterooms, Mix lounge and Showroom at Sea
MS Veendam199657,09222 knots1,3509 NetherlandsApril 2009 refit added Lanai, spa and verandah staterooms, Mix lounge, Showroom at Sea, the Retreat aft pool area with shallow pool and movie screen (moved up to Lido deck level), and duck tail for stability. April 2011 refit updated Retreat area, removing wading pool in favor of several smaller hot/cool tubs.

The two S class ships Statendam and Maasdam began life as virtually identical vessels except for décor. They were the first new HAL cruise ships to incorporate features like the atrium, the two-deck main dining room and show lounge, and the Lido pool with retractable roof. These vessels are currently undergoing a series of major refits.

All S class ships received the first phase of Signature of Excellence upgrades (detailed above) between 2004 and 2006.

It was announced on May 19, 2014 that both the Statendam & Ryndam will transfer to P&O Cruises Australia fleet; with more details to come.[16]

Rotterdam class (R class)

Vessel NameIn HAL
Service		Gross
Tonnage		Maximum
Speed		Passenger
Complement		Enclosed
Passenger Decks		FlagNotesImage
MS Rotterdam199761,84925 knots1,4049 NetherlandsDecember 2009 refit added Lanai, spa and verandah staterooms, Mix lounge, Showroom at Sea, the Retreat aft pool area (moved up to Lido deck level) with shallow pool and movie screen
MS Volendam199961,21423 knots1,4329 Netherlands
MS Zaandam200061,39623 knots1,4329 Netherlands
MS Amsterdam200062,73525 knots1,3809 Netherlands

Unlike the vessels of the S class, Holland America Line's R class ships did not all start out identical. Rotterdam, the first of the four, was similar to the S class, but slightly longer and wider, with a third set of passenger stairs/elevators, twin funnels, and some new facilities. The twins Volendam and Zaandam followed, similar to Rotterdam, but with a different (single) funnel and larger because the aft pool was moved up one deck to the Lido level, creating more space for passenger accommodations below. The final R class ship, Amsterdam, like a hybrid of Rotterdam and Volendam/Zaandam, incorporates Rotterdam's twin funnels as well as the Lido deck aft pool. Together, Rotterdam and Amsterdam were considered HAL's flagships.

All R class ships received the first phase of Signature of Excellence upgrades (detailed above) between 2005 and 2009.

Vista class (V class)

Vessel NameIn HAL
Service		Gross
Tonnage		Maximum
Speed		Passenger
Complement		Enclosed
Passenger Decks		FlagNotesImage
MS Zuiderdam200282,30524 knots1,91610 Netherlands
MS Oosterdam200382,30524 knots1,91610 Netherlands
MS Westerdam200482,30524 knots1,91610 Netherlands
MS Noordam200682,31824 knots1,92410 Netherlands

HAL's four Vista class ships are named for the points of the compass in Dutch. Noord for north, Zuid for south, Oost for east and West for West. These ships were designed mainly for shorter (less than two weeks) cruises in the Caribbean, Alaska and Europe. These ships are notable because of the exceptionally great number of oceanview and verandah staterooms - more than 85% and 67% respectively. The first three Vista class vessels were built as identical triplets. Noordam incorporated a few design changes, including a more vertical aft profile, which makes her larger, with a slightly greater passenger capacity. The success of Noordam's revised design caused HAL to modify the other three Vista class ships with aft expansions to mimic Noordam.

In 2006, the Vista class cruise ships were awarded the 2006 Green Planet Award for outstanding environmental standards by Kuoni Switzerland.[17]

Zuiderdam, Oosterdam and Westerdam received the first phase of Signature of Excellence upgrades (detailed above) between 2005 and 2006, while Noordam was built to SOE1 standards.

Signature class

Vessel NameIn HAL
Service		Gross
Tonnage		Maximum
Speed		Passenger
Complement		Enclosed
Passenger Decks		FlagNotesImage
MS Eurodam200886,27323.9 knots2,10411 Netherlands
MS Nieuw Amsterdam201086,70023.9 knots2,10611 Netherlands

The Signature class ships are essentially an enhanced Vista class design. The main difference is the addition of a deck between the Lido and Observation decks. This allows for more cabins (mostly spa accommodations) and some additional facilities including the specialty restaurant Tamarind and the Silk Den lounge.

Both Signature class ships were built to Signature of Excellence (first phase) standards (detailed above).

Pinnacle class

Vessel NameIn HAL
Service		Gross
Tonnage		Maximum
Speed		Passenger
Complement		Enclosed
Passenger Decks		FlagNotesImage
MS KoningsdamApr 201699,500TBD2,65012 Netherlands

Constructed at the Fincantieri shipyards, Koningsdam is the largest ship to be built for Holland-America, and is the size of the ex-Ryndam and ex-Statendam joined together.[15] The new vessel has a beam of 35 metres, complying with the New Panamax dimensions and allowing it to cruise through the new wider locks currently under construction at the Panama Canal. It was launched on February 15, 2016.[18] All Pinnacle class ships were built to Signature of Excellence (first phase) standards (detailed above).

The "Elegant Explorer"

Vessel NameIn HAL
Service		Gross
Tonnage		Maximum
Speed		Passenger
Complement		Enclosed
Passenger Decks		FlagNotesImage
MS Prinsendam2002
(built 1988)		38,84822 knots8358 NetherlandsTo be transferred to Phoenix Reisen as Amera in 2019

Currently the smallest and oldest HAL ship, Prinsendam is in a class by herself. The only Holland America Line ship currently not built for the line, Prinsendam had a career with Royal Viking Line, Cunard Line and Seabourn Cruise Line before joining the HAL fleet after an extensive refit in 2002. Prinsendam does not have a two-deck main dining room or main lounge, an indoor/outdoor pool, or dedicated children's facilities like other HAL vessels.

Prinsendam received the first phase of Signature of Excellence upgrades (detailed above) in 2005. Prinsendam will leave the fleet on July 1, 2019.[19]

Future fleet

Pinnacle class

Vessel NameIn HAL
Service		Gross
Tonnage		Maximum
Speed		Passenger
Complement		Enclosed
Passenger Decks		FlagNotesImage
MS Nieuw Statendam[20]Nov 201899,500TBD2,65012
Unnamed 202199,500TBD2,65012[21]

Former fleet (after 1989)

Holland America's parent company Carnival currently owns 3 ships operated by Thomson Cruises, all of which are ex Holland America Ships. Both the Thomson Celebration and Thomson Spirit sailed for Holland America as the Noordam (1984) and Nieuw Amsterdam (1983) before being transferred to the Thomson fleet in 2005 and 2003. Thomson Spirit is operated by Louis Cruises under sub charter to Thomson but the Thomson Celebration remains under the operation of Carnival. The Thomson Dream was built as Homeric in 1986 before moving to Holland America as Westerdam in 1988. After Carnival took over Costa Cruises in 2000 this ship was then transferred to the Costa fleet as Costa Europa in 2002. It has been chartered to Thomson since 2010. It was announced on May 19, 2014 that both the Statendam and Ryndam will transfer to P&O Cruises Australia fleet; with more details to come.[16]

Vessel NameBuiltIn HAL
Service		Gross
Tonnage		Current
Flag		NotesImage
Rotterdam19591959-200038,645 tons NetherlandsSold to Premier Cruise Lines in 1997, retired in 2000 and now a hotel and museum.
Nieuw Amsterdam19831984-200033,930 tons MaltaSold to American Classic Voyages in 2000. HAL repurchased the vessel and charted her to Louis Cruises who then subchartered the ship to Thomson Cruises after a lengthy refitting. Chartered from Louis Cruises until 2017.
Noordam19841984-200533,960 tons MaltaOn long term charter to Thomson Cruises in 2005.
Westerdam19861988-200254,763 tons MaltaPreviously Homeric, Transferred to Costa Cruises in 2002 and renamed Costa Europa, April 2010 chartered to Thomson Cruises for 10 years and known as Thomson Dream.
Statendam19931993-201555,819 tons United KingdomApril 2010 refit added spa staterooms, Mix lounge and Showroom at Sea. Transferred to P&O Cruises Australia in 2015 and renamed Pacific Eden.[16]
Ryndam19941994-201555,819 tons United KingdomFebruary 2010 refit added spa staterooms, Mix lounge and Showroom at Sea. Transferred to P&O Cruises Australia in 2015 and renamed Pacific Aria.[16]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "About us - History". Holland America Line. Retrieved November 8, 2002.
  2. ↑ "SS Regina". Retrieved April 15, 2014.
  3. ↑ "Moore-McCormack Liner Argentina 1958 - Ship Postcards". www.simplonpc.co.uk.
  4. ↑ "Moore-McCormack Liner Brasil 1958 - Ship Postcards". www.simplonpc.co.uk.
  5. ↑ "Holland America - Statendam (1956) Ocean Liner and Cruise Ship Postcards". www.simplonpc.co.uk.
  6. ↑ Gudmundur Helgason. "Maasdam". uboat.net. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  7. 1 2 "Holland America Ocean Liner Postcards". www.simplonpc.co.uk.
  8. 1 2 3 "SS Zuiderkruis, Groote Beer, Waterman". www.ssmaritime.com.
  9. ↑ "Zaandam". Uboat. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  10. ↑ "Noordam history". cruise.bwatts.org.
  11. ↑ S. Swiggum and M. Kohli (January 18, 2006). "Nederlandsch-Amerikaansche Stoomvaart Maatschappij / Holland America Line". The Ship List. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  12. ↑ Lloyds (1943–44). "Lloyd's Register" (PDF). Lloyd's Register (through PlimsollShipData). Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  13. ↑ "Corporate headquarters." Holland America Line. Retrieved on January 20, 2010.
  14. ↑ "Westmark Hotels & Inns - About Us". Westmark Hotels - Alaska/Yukon. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  15. 1 2 Staff, CIN (26 October 2012). "Carnival Cruise Lines and Holland America Line Order New Ships".
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Ryndam and Statendam to P&O Australia as AU Growth for Carnival Corp. Continues". Cruise Industry News. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  17. ↑ Sailing the Seas of Green Archived 2007-02-08 at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ↑ "Holland America Line Confirms Date, Size and Class of New Build Cruise Ship - Holland America Line". www.cruisecritic.com.
  19. ↑ "Holland America Cruise Ship Leaving the Fleet in 2019". cruisefever.net. Retrieved 2018-07-04.
  20. ↑ Leppert, Jason (20 May 2016). "Holland America Line Christens Koningsdam, Names Next Ship Nieuw Statendam". TravelPulse. travAlliancemedia. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  21. ↑ Staff, CIN (19 January 2017). "Carnival Orders Ships for Princess and Holland America".

Bibliography

  • de Balbian Verster, J. F. L. (1921). Holland-America: an historical account of shipping and other relations between Holland and North America. Amsterdam: Bernard Houthakker for the Holland America Line. OCLC 19792377.
  • van Berkum, Sandra; Maes, Tal (2011). Captain's Dinner: Koken met de Holland-Amerika Lijn [Captain's Dinner: Cooking with the Holland America Line] (in Dutch). Schiedam: Scriptum. ISBN 9789055948161.
  • de Boer, G.J. (1998). 125 jaar Holland-Amerika Lijn, 1873-1998 [125 Years Holland America Line, 1873-1998] (in Dutch). Alkmaar: De Alk. ISBN 906013074X.
  • de Boer, Michiel George (1923). Holland-America Line, 1873-1923. Rotterdam: Holland America Line. OCLC 602295517.
  • Card, Stephen J. (2005). Holland America Line, "The Spotless Fleet" : Maritime Paintings. London: Carmania Press. ISBN 0954366654.
  • Collard, Ian (2018). Holland America Cruise Ships. Stroud, Glos, UK: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445667607.
  • Dalkmann, H. A.; Schoonderbeck, A. J. (1998). 125 years of Holland America Line: a company history. Edinburgh: Pentland Press. ISBN 1858215900.
  • Gischler, Arnout C. (2003). De Holland-Amerika Lijn in Zwaar Weer [The Holland America Line in Heavy Weather]. Historische publicaties Roterodamum series, no. 148 (in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. ISBN 9057302624.
  • de Groot, Edward P. (1980). Per mailboot naar Amerika: vijftig jaar Noordatlantische passagiersvaart onder Nederlandse vlag [By Mail Boat to America: Fifty years of North Atlantic passenger travel under the Dutch flag] (in Dutch). Bussum: Unieboek. ISBN 9022818314.
  • Guns, Nico (2004). Holland America Line: Short History of a Shipping Company. Zutphen, the Netherlands: Walburg Pers. ISBN 9057303167.
  • Guns, Nico; van Rikxoort, Ronald (2006). Holland-Amerika Lijn: Schepen van 'De Lijn' in beeld [Holland America Line: Ships of 'The Line' in focus] (in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. ISBN 9057304600.
  • Guns, Nico (2013). Een zeevarend zondagskind: de memoires van HAL-kapitein Roelof ten Kate [A Seafaring Sunday's Child: the memoirs of HAL Captain Roelof ten Kate] (in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. ISBN 9789491354281.
  • Haws, Duncan (1995). Holland America Line. Merchant Fleets series, no. 28. Uckfield, East Sussex, UK: TCL Publications. ISBN 0946378258.
  • van Herk, C.; van der Elst, J. H. (1981). De schepen van de Holland Amerika Lijn [The Ships of the Holland America Line]. Erato-monografieën series, no. 5. (in Dutch). Haarlem: Historische Boekhandel ERATO; Bussum: De Boer Maritiem. ISBN 9022818632.
  • Holdermans, Rob (2006). Holland-Amerika Lijn van boven bekeken, 1921-1964 [Holland America Line from above, 1921-1964] (in Dutch). Hoogeveen: V+W Collective. ISBN 9789059780347.
  • Kohler, Peter C. (1993). The Holland America Line: A 120th Anniversary Celebration in Postcards. Coltishall, Norfolk, UK: Ship Pictorial Publications. ISBN 0951603841.
  • Le Fleming, H. M. (1965). Ships of the Holland - America Line (2nd ed.). London: Le Fleming. OCLC 834361608.
  • Miller, William H. (1998). Going Dutch: The Holland America Line Story. London: Carmania Press. ISBN 0951865684.
  • Payne, Stephen M. (1990). Grande Dame: Holland America Line and the S.S. Rotterdam. London: RINA Ltd. ISBN 0903055120.
  • Schaap, Dick (1973). A Bridge to the Seven Seas. New York: D. McKay. OCLC 701048.
  • Seabrook, William C. (1950). In the War at Sea: a record of Rotterdam's largest merchant fleet and its gallant crews, from 1940 to 1945 (2nd ed.). Rotterdam: Holland America Line. OCLC 604175934.
  • Oosterwijk, Bram; van de Ven, Daniël (2002). Holland-Amerika Lijn: achteromkijkend naar de Wilhelminakade [Holland America Line: looking back to the Wilhelminakade] (in Dutch). Alkmaar: De Alk. ISBN 9060132424.
  • Verdure, Michel; Lasley, Paul; Harryman, Elizabeth (2007). The Art of Cruising: Fine Art and Antiques of Holland America Line. Seattle: Holland America Line. ISBN 9780977802838.
  • Wendtholt, A.D. (1973). Brug over de oceaan: Een eeuw geschiedenis van de Holland Amerika Lijn [Bridge over the Ocean: A centenary history of the Holland America Line] (in Dutch). Rotterdam: Nijgh & Van Ditmar. ISBN 9023692292.
  • Zuidhoek, Arne (1997). Droomschepen: Holland-Amerika Lijn [Dream Ships: Holland America Line] (in Dutch). Alkmaar: De Alk. ISBN 9060130685.
  • Zuidhoek, Arne (2004). De mooiste schepen van 'De Lijn': Holland-Amerika Lijn [The most beautiful ships of 'The Line: Holland America Line]. De mooiste schepen van... series (in Dutch). Zaltbommel: Aprilis. ISBN 905994027X.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.