Hillsdale College

Hillsdale College
Hillsdale College Seal
Former names
 Michigan Central College
Motto Latin: Virtus Tentamine Gaudet
Motto in English
 Strength Rejoices in the Challenge
Type Liberal arts college
Established December 4, 1844
Endowment $528 million (2016)[1]
President Larry P. Arnn
Provost David M. Whalen
Academic staff
 124 full-time, 48 adjunct[2]
Undergraduates 1,486
Location Hillsdale, Michigan, U.S.
41°55′59″N 84°37′55″W / 41.933°N 84.632°W / 41.933; -84.632Coordinates: 41°55′59″N 84°37′55″W / 41.933°N 84.632°W / 41.933; -84.632
Campus Rural, 400 acres (84 buildings)[3]
Colors Blue and white         
Athletics NCAA Division II – GMAC
Nickname Chargers
Website hillsdale.edu
Hillsdale College Logo

Hillsdale College is a private, conservative Christian college in Hillsdale, Michigan, United States. According to its website, its liberal arts curriculum is based on the Western heritage as a product of both the Greco-Roman culture and the Judeo-Christian tradition.[4] Hillsdale requires every student, regardless of major, to complete a core curriculum that includes courses on the Great Books, U.S. Constitution, biology, chemistry, and physics.[5]

Since the late 20th century, the college became one of several in the U.S. that decline to accept federal financial support, instead depending entirely on private donations.[6][7] The college has worked to establish ties to the conservative political establishment, including the Donald Trump administration.[8]

History

Founding

Hillsdale in the nineteenth century

In August 1844, members of the local community of Freewill Baptists resolved to organize their denomination's first collegiate institution.[9]:4 After gathering donations, they established Hillsdale College as Michigan Central College in Spring Arbor, Michigan on December 4, 1844.[9]:6 Although religiously affiliated, the college was officially nonsectarian.[10]

Hillsdale no longer has any denominational affiliation but, according to its website, says that "the moral tenets of Christianity as commonly understood in the Christian tradition have been essential to the mission of the College"[11] Founded by abolitionists, it has been open to black and female students from its first days.[5]

Under its first president, Rev. Daniel McBride Graham, who held the office from 1844 to 1848, Michigan Central College opened within a two-room store and admitted five students. In March 1845, the government of Michigan incorporated the college by an act of legislature, and the college enrolled 25 undergraduates by the end of its first year.[12]:12[13][9]:11

E.B. Fairfield assumed the presidency of Michigan Central College in 1848. In two years, on March 20, 1850, the Michigan state legislature granted the college a special charter, giving it the right to confer degrees.[12]:12–14[9]:116 Black students were admitted immediately after the college's 1844 founding,[14] and the college became the second school in the nation to grant four-year liberal arts degrees to women.[15][12]{{rp|12–14}

Outgrowing its space, in 1853 it decided to relocate to Hillsdale, Michigan, in part to have access to the railroad that served the city. It received considerable financial support from local citizens, who wanted to develop the 20-year-old town.[12]:30 The cornerstone of the new building, Central Hall, was laid on the Fourth of July 1853.[16][9]:24 When Michigan Central College completed construction and moved, it reopened as Hillsdale College on November 7, 1855.

Fairfield led Hillsdale from 1848 to 1869.[13] During his presidency, he helped found the Republican Party with Dunn in neighboring Jackson, Michigan.[17] A prominent leader, Fairfield was present at the first Republican Party convention in 1858, and was elected as Lieutenant Governor of Michigan. Hillsdale's early anti-slavery reputation and pivotal role in founding the Republican Party led to the invitation of several notable speakers on the campus, including Frederick Douglass (who visited the school on two separate occasions) and Edward Everett, the orator preceding Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg.[12]:xxv, 49 On August 8, 1860, the first degrees were conferred at Hillsdale by the college. On March 20, 1863, the state legislature of Michigan "formally legalized" the college's change of name and location.[9]:33

19th century

In 1861, many Hillsdale students joined the ranks of the Union Army during the American Civil War; a higher percentage of Hillsdale students enlisted than from any other Michigan college.[9]:60[18][19]:1 Hillsdale continued to operate during the war, but had limited enrollment because so many young men went to war. Half of Hillsdale's students who enlisted became officers, as was typical for men with some college education; five became lieutenant colonels, four received the Medal of Honor, and three became generals. Sixty students died in the war.[19]:5

Present-day Central Hall, rebuilt after the fire in 1874

Hillsdale survived while nearly 80% of the colleges founded before the Civil War were forced to close. After the war, the college regained its normal enrollment; many veterans returned and completed their education there. Notable speakers continued to arrive at Hillsdale's campus, including the famed female physician and educator Sophia Jex-Blake in October 1865.[9]:65 Hillsdale's Delta Tau Delta chapter, its first fraternity, was chartered on October 19, 1867.[9]:458

In 1869, James Calder succeeded Fairfield as president. The college's third president, Calder served into 1871. During his three-year administration, the commercial school opened, a theological department was established, and the college enrolled around 750 students.[9]:73, 292, 411 He resigned to become president of Pennsylvania State University.[13]

Hillsdale's first president, Daniel McBride Graham, returned for a brief second term in 1871, notably rebuilding the campus after the catastrophic "Great Fire" of March 6, 1874.[12]:139–66[9]:77 Soon afterward, DeWitt Clinton Durgin, a graduate of Union College, held the presidency from 1874 to 1884.[13] In 1878, the Hillsdale Herald was published, becoming the 2nd oldest college newspaper in Michigan behind Kalamazoo College's The Index. This paper later merged with another college paper to become The Collegian.[9]:page needed During Durgin's presidency, Hillsdale's Kappa Kappa Gamma and Sigma Chi chapters were chartered.[9]:462, 464

After Dunn's brief turn as acting president, George F. Mosher served as president of Hillsdale from 1886 to 1901.[13][20][21][9]:116, 125 During this time, the college grew in size and prestige. In 1884, Spencer O. Fisher, a Hillsdale alumnus, was the first to be elected to Congress.[9]:119 Pi Beta Phi and Alpha Tau Omega were chartered.[9]:465, 467 In 1891, the Chicago Herald reported, "Hillsdale has a college second in standing to no denominational college in the country." Four years later, when the University of Chicago offered to affiliate with Hillsdale, the college rejected their proposal.[12]:page needed

20th century

In 1900, the college ceased grazing livestock and removed the agrarian fence which circled the campus.[22]:xxiii[9]:135 It began an era of institutional growth and professionalization. In 1902, Joseph William Mauck became the sixth president of the college, the first Hillsdale graduate to return as president of his alma mater.[13] Beloved by the college community and an early and outspoken advocate for women's suffrage, Mauck served for two decades.[23][24]

Hillsdale adopted its first honor code and held its first homecoming celebration. Significantly, the college amended its Articles of Association in 1907, no longer requiring the president and trustees be members of the Free Will Baptist denomination. This led to a decline in the prestige of the theological department, but concurrently an increase in the number of Christian denominations represented on campus.[9]:166[22]:xxiii In 1915, the college's chapter of the Delta Sigma Phi fraternity was chartered. When World War I broke out, a large proportion of (mostly male) students entered military service. By 1918 most of the upperclassmen had enlisted.

Four years after the war, William Gear Spencer succeeded Mauck as president. He served from 1922 to 1932, when he departed to lead Franklin College.[13][25] Under Spencer's leadership, the college prospered. During this time, Hillsdale acquired its 14-acre Slayton Arboretum, built new dormitories, constructed a new field house for its developing athletic programs, and, in 1924, chartered its chapter of Chi Omega.[22]:60–69

During the Great Depression, Willfred Otto Mauck, son of Joseph William Mauck and also an alumnus, was selected as the eighth president, serving from 1933 to 1942.[13] Throughout this era, the college struggled financially, was forced to cancel its new construction projects, and cut the pay of its faculty and staff by nearly 20%.[22]:72–83[9]:210 Succeeding Mauck, Harvey L. Turner became Hillsdale's ninth president, serving from 1942 to 1952.[13] Despite the financial difficulties lasting from the Depression and World War II, the college succeeded in building a new library, having an undefeated and untied football team in 1938, and celebrating its centennial in 1944, when more than 1,000 alumni returned to campus for the commencement ceremony.[22]:113[9]:267

J. Donald Phillips next assumed the presidency, holding the position from 1952 to 1971.[13] Throughout his nearly 20-year administration, Philips corrected many of Hillsdale's financial worries and constructed many new campus buildings. In these years, Hillsdale began to resist regulations of the federal government, particularly concerning affirmative action, which followed national civil rights legislation.[22]:167, 212[26][27] In 1962, the college's trustees adopted its own "Declaration of Independence". This document affirmed the college's stance against governmental control.[22]:191 The college promoted the traditional education of the liberal arts and classics. In the late 20th century, it decided to forego any federal grants or subsidies, to "to reaffirm its historic independence and to resist subsidization of its affairs by the federal government."[28]

George Roche III became the 11th president of Hillsdale College in 1971. During the Roche years, Hillsdale College became nationally known, in part because of its withdrawal from federal and state-assisted loan programs and grants. The US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare required the college to account for students by race as part of its affirmative action student loan program in the 1970s, but the administration publicly refused. The college's trustees stated that Hillsdale would follow its own non-discrimination policy and that it would, "with the help of God, resist, by all legal means, any encroachments on its independence."[22]:237–39 In 1984, after a decade of federal litigation on the matter, the college withdrew from all federal student loans, replacing government assistance with private contributions.

Roche was highly successful in fundraising until he resigned due to allegations of a personal sexual scandal. During his presidency, the college dramatically increased its endowment, established the Center for Constructive Alternatives, and brought prominent national speakers to campus, including President Ronald Reagan. It also began publishing Imprimis, Hillsdale's monthly speech digest.[13][22]:222–23 Russell Kirk taught at Hillsdale one semester a year throughout this time, beginning in 1973.

Roche resigned in late 1999, following the suicide of his daughter-in-law and her allegations of personal scandal.[8] On October 17, 1999, Lissa Jackson Roche, daughter-in-law of President Roche, said that she had engaged in a 19-year on-and-off sexual affair with him. She fatally shot herself at the Slayton Arboretum on campus with a .38-caliber handgun taken from her husband's gun cabinet.[29] Married to Roche's son known as Roche IV, Jackson Roche was employed by Hillsdale as the Managing Editor of Imprimis and Hillsdale College Press.[30][29][31][32] President Roche denied the affair.[29][33] The college's reputation suffered and donations declined markedly.[8]

21st century

Larry P. Arnn has served as president of the college, since 2000.[34] Under his tenure, the college completed various new buildings, including the John A. Halter Shooting Sports Center and Margot V. Biermann Athletic Center.[35] The college also opened the Allan P. Kirby, Jr. Center for Constitutional Studies and Citizenship, an off-campus educational center in Washington, D.C.[36]

In 2013, Arnn was criticized for remarks about ethnic minorities made when he testified before the Michigan State Legislature against the Common Core curriculum standards. Expressing concern about government interference with educational institutions, he noted having received a letter from the state Department of Education early in his presidency that said his college "violated the standards for diversity." He added, "because we didn't have enough dark ones, I guess, is what they meant." After being criticized for calling minorities "dark ones," Arnn explained that he was referring to "dark faces", saying:

"The State of Michigan sent a group of people down to my campus, with clipboards ... to look at the colors of people's faces and write down what they saw. We don’t keep records of that information. What were they looking for besides dark ones?"[37][38]

Michigan House Democratic Leader Tim Greimel condemned Arnn for his comments, saying they were "offensive" and "inflammatory and bigoted", and asked for an apology.[39] In response, the college issued a statement apologizing for Arnn's remark, while reiterating the president's concern about "state-endorsed racism", as he referred to affirmative action policies.[40]

A survey of students conducted by Hillsdale's student newspaper found that in 2012, 90% of the student body had voted for Mitt Romney in the U.S. presidential election. In 2016, 49% of students reported voting for Donald Trump in that year's presidential contest, with 4% voting for Hillary Clinton, and the remainder choosing third-party candidates or not voting.[5]

Academics

Hillsdale enrolls approximately 350 new students each year, with a current enrollment of around 1,450 students from 47 states, the District of Columbia, and eight foreign countries. The college employs 124 full-time faculty members.[41] Hillsdale was ranked 69th in the 2014 U.S. News & World Report listing of best National Liberal Arts Colleges.[42] The Princeton Review's The Best 378 Colleges 2014 ranked Hillsdale as 10th for "most conservative" students and 8th for "professors get high marks".[43] Hillsdale was ranked 178th overall, including 34th in the Midwest and 134th in private colleges, in the 2014 Forbes report of America's Best Colleges.[44]

Undergraduate offerings include a variety of liberal arts majors, pre-professional programs, a teacher education program, and a journalism certificate program.[45] Hillsdale College also operates Hillsdale Academy]], a private K–12 liberal arts school.[46]

A graduate program called the "Graduate School of Statesmanship" was inaugurated in 2012. Its focus is political philosophy and American politics; it awards MA and PhD degrees in Politics.[47]

Campus

Delp Hall and the Liberty Walk, facing Central Hall

Hillsdale's 200-acre (81 ha) campus contains multiple instructional and office buildings, 13 residence halls, seven fraternity and sorority houses, an athletic complex, music hall, arts center, conference center, hotel, and preschool.[45] Hillsdale College also manages Hillsdale Academy, a private K–12 liberal arts school.[46]

The Richardson Heritage Room, housed in Mossey Library

Hillsdale College was chosen to receive the personal library of Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises, following the wishes contained in von Mises's will; the collection of works is housed in the Ludwig von Mises room of the college's Mossey Library. Mossey Library also contains collections of the works of Russell Kirk and Richard Weaver, and is home to the college's Richardson Heritage room. Built in 1994, the Heritage room holds many first-edition books and rare volumes, as well as sculptures, paintings, and historical artifacts.[48]

The college's Slayton Arboretum was officially created in 1922 when George A. Slayton and his wife donated 14 acres (5.7 ha) to the college. The arboretum was envisioned as an outdoor laboratory and field station for students and a biological garden for the community. Initial planting was with donated plants and the labor of Hillsdale students and volunteers. In 1939, Slayton Arboretum was listed as one of Michigan's Points of Interest, and up to 700 people a day visited the site.

A unique feature of the campus is the Statues of Liberty Walk, a walkway lined with depictions of well-known leaders and icons of Western culture. These include George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Winston Churchill, and Margaret Thatcher. A statue of Ronald Reagan was dedicated on October 7, 2011, in the centennial year of his birth. Reagan spoke at the college in 1977, stating, "Hillsdale deserves the appreciation of all who labor for freedom."[49] On May 12, 2017, the college also dedicated a statue of abolitionist Frederick Douglass, positioned directly across from that of Lincoln. Douglass was a guest at the college in 1863, where he gave an address titled "Popular Error and Unpopular Truth."[50]

Policies

Hillsdale's charter prohibits any discrimination based on race, religion, or sex, and the College has been credited as the first American college to prohibit this type of discrimination in a charter.[14] Notably, Hillsdale's football team refused to play in the 1956 Tangerine Bowl in Florida when the governing committee of the Bowl would not allow the team's black players to join the white players on the field; the committee then selected Juniata College instead.[14][51]

In the early 1980s, two hundred Hillsdale students lost their federal student loans due to the college's opposition to affirmative action. The U.S. federal government had asserted that it could require colleges where students received such funding to submit Assurance of Compliance forms mandated by Title IX and Hillsdale refused compliance, claiming that affirmative action was racial discrimination.[52][53] This ongoing dispute with the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) intensified in 1979 when the College filed a petition for judicial review in the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, asking the court to overturn a previous decision by the Reviewing Authority, Office of Civil Rights of HEW. In December 1982, the Sixth Circuit upheld Hillsdale's refusal to sign the compliance forms but also ruled that government aid to individual students could be terminated without a finding that a college actually discriminated.[54]

In the related 1984 case, Grove City College v. Bell, the Supreme Court required every college or university to fulfill federal requirements—past and future requirements—if its students received federal aid. As a result of the court's decision, Hillsdale withdrew from all federal assistance beginning with the 1984–85 academic year; Grove City College, the defendant in that case, followed Hillsdale's lead four years later.

Beginning with the 2007–2008 academic year, Hillsdale stopped accepting Michigan state assistance, instead matching with its own aid any funds that a student would have received from the state.[55] Since 2007, Hillsdale's entire operating budget of the college, including scholarships, comes from private funding and endowments.

In 2010, a resolution of Hillsdale's Board of Trustees asserted that both Congress and the Obama administration appeared "even more than the worst of their predecessors, bent on extending federal control over American higher education and other areas of American life."[56]

Programs

Center for Constructive Alternatives

Hillsdale brings speakers to campus through its Center for Constructive Alternatives program. Lectures are open to the public.[57] Speakers have included Stephen Ambrose, Benazir Bhutto, Harry Browne, Russell Kirk, Harvey Mansfield, Charles Murray, Ralph Nader, P.J. O'Rourke, Phyllis Schlafly, and Juan Williams.[58][59] Lectures and speeches from the series are published monthly in Imprimis,[60] and distributed monthly for free. First published in 1972, Imprimis has a circulation of over three million subscribers.[61]

Barney Charter School Initiative

The college's Barney Charter School Initiative was established to support the launch of K–12 charter schools based on a classical liberal arts model, with a strong civics component to "equip students to understand and defend the principles of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution."[62]

Hillsdale-Oxford Scholars Program

Through an affiliation with Oxford's Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies and the Oxford Study Abroad Program, Hillsdale College offers a study abroad program at Oxford University where participants participate in classes and extracurricular as associate members of one of 38 different colleges in the University.[63]

Allan P. Kirby Center

The Allan P. Kirby, Jr. Center for Constitutional Studies and Citizenship, located on Capitol Hill

Hillsdale operates the Allan P. Kirby, Jr. Center for Constitutional Studies and Citizenship in Washington, D.C. The Kirby Center also provides assistance to Hillsdale students that are participating in Washington internships[64] and co-sponsors the James Madison Fellows Program with The Heritage Foundation and the Federalist Society. It engages with senior-level congressional staff members who the college describes as "dedicated to making first principles the foremost consideration in public policy formation".[65] A monthly lecture series hosted by the center is the AWC Family Foundation Lecture Series, which was started in 2008. The series has included lectures by David Horowitz, Brian Kennedy, John Bolton, and Hillsdale professor Paul A. Rahe.[66] The Kirby Center also hosts an annual Constitution Day celebration and conducts online, interactive town halls on matters related to the Constitution.

Campus life

Athletics

The college has a number of sports teams that compete at the NCAA Division II level, including baseball, men's and women's basketball, football, softball, women's swimming, track and field, cross country, men's and women's tennis, and women's volleyball.[67] The college also has club teams and intramural sports that vary from year to year.[68] The Chargers, as the Hillsdale athletics teams are known, compete in the Great Midwest Athletic Conference.

Football coach Frank "Muddy" Waters was the head coach at Hillsdale from 1954–1973. The football stadium, Frank Waters Stadium, is named in his honor.[69]

Greek life

North-American Interfraternity Conference Fraternities

National Panhellenic Conference Sororities

Alma mater

Hillsdale's alma mater is "White and Blue". The words and melody were composed by Bess Hagaman Tefft, Class of 1937.[76]

Notable people

Notable alumni

Bion J. Arnold
Jared Maurice Arter, former slave, writer, missionary
Chris Chocola
Elizebeth Friedman
Washington Gardner
Moses A. Luce

Politics and law

  • Cyrus Cline (1876), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana
  • Verner Main (1907), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan
  • Beth Walker (1987), justice of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals
  • Hans Zeiger (2007), author and representative for the 25th Legislative District of Washington[86]

Military and public service

Professional sports and athletics

Academia and scholarship

Notable faculty

Present faculty

Visiting faculty and fellows

Past faculty

References

  1. ↑ Noble, Breana (September 14, 2017). "College passes fundraising goal". Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  2. ↑ "College profile". Hillsdale College website. Hillsdale College. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  3. ↑ "College Profile". Hillsdale College website. Hillsdale College. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  4. ↑ "Mission". Hillsdale College.
  5. 1 2 3 Eckholm, Erik (February 1, 2017). "In Hillsdale College, a 'Shining City on a Hill' for Conservatives". New York Times. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  6. ↑ "The College That Wants to Take Over Washington". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  7. ↑ Anderson, Nick; Douglas-Gabriel, Danielle (2017-12-15). "Hillsdale College, subject of Senate debate, is known for rejecting federal funds". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  8. 1 2 3 Alice Lloyd, "The College That Wants to Take Over Washington", Politico, 12 May 2018; accessed 4 August 2018
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Moore, Vivian Elsie Lyon (1944). The First Hundred Years of Hillsdale College. Ann Arbor, Mich.: The Ann Arbor Press. OCLC 4819396. 588 pp.
  10. ↑ Vedder, Henry Clay (1897). A Short History of the Baptists. American Baptist Publication Society. p. 273. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  11. ↑ Guidelines Regarding the Mission and Moral Commitments of Hillsdale College July 2010
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gilbert, Arlan K. (1991). Historic Hillsdale College: Pioneer in Higher Education, 1844–1900. Hillsdale, Mich.: Hillsdale College Press. ISBN 978-0916308797. OCLC 24636032. 274 pp.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Hillsdale College: Past Presidents". Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  14. 1 2 3 Hoplin, Nicole; Robinson, Ron (2008). Funding Fathers: The Unsung Heroes of the Conservative Movement. ISBN 978-1596985629. Retrieved 2014-08-27 – via Google Books.
  15. ↑ Irene Harwarth; Mindi Maline; Elizabeth DeBra. "Women's Colleges in the United States: History, Issues, and Challenges". United States Department of Education, National Institute on Postsecondary Education, Libraries, and Lifelong Learning. Archived from the original on June 14, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
  16. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 17, 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-18.
  17. ↑ "Dr. E.B. Fairfield Dead" (PDF). New York Times. November 19, 1904. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  18. ↑ Dan Bisher (1999). "A Brief History of Hillsdale County, Pioneer Period: 1825–1843".
  19. 1 2 Gilbert, Arlan K. (1994). Hillsdale Honor: The Civil War Experience. Hillsdale, Mich.: Hillsdale College Press. ISBN 978-0916308728. OCLC 29816536. 88 pp.
  20. ↑ "George Frank Mosher; Former Consul at Nice, Educator and Bay State Legislator Dies". New York Times. November 19, 1904. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
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  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gilbert, Arlan K. (1998). The Permanent Things: Hillsdale College 1900–1994. Hillsdale, Mich.: Hillsdale College Press. ISBN 978-0916308629. OCLC 39113606. 320 pp.
  23. ↑ "Leading Men Take Up the Question of Women's Right to Vote" (PDF). New York Times. December 20, 1908. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  24. ↑ "George Dr. Joseph Mauck, educator, Was 84". New York Times. July 8, 1937. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  25. ↑ "Spencer Heads Franklin College". New York Times. March 31, 1933. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  26. ↑ "Hillsdale College Athletics". hillsdalechargers.com. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  27. ↑ "College History/Past Presidents – Hillsdale College". hillsdale.edu. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  28. ↑ Freedom and Independence: The Hillsdale Story, 35
  29. 1 2 3 Miller, John (November 12, 1999). "Horror at Hillsdale". NationalReview.
  30. ↑ Jones, E. Michael. "Death at the Gazebo: Conservatism In Extremis at Hillsdale College". Culture Wars (January 2000).
  31. ↑ Ellis, Jonathan (January 19, 2000). "Sex, lies and suicide". Salon.
  32. ↑ Rapoport, Roger (2000). Hillsdale: Greek Tragedy in America's Heartland. RDR Books. ISBN 1-57143-088-1.
  33. ↑ Meredith, Robyn (November 15, 1999). "Scandal Rocks a Conservative Campus". New York Times.
  34. ↑ "National News Briefs; Conservative College Names New President". New York Times. April 7, 2000. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
  35. ↑ "Campus Facilities – Hillsdale College". hillsdale.edu. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  36. ↑ "About Us – Kirby Center". hillsdale.edu. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  37. ↑ Klein, Rebecca (August 1, 2013). "Hillsdale College President Larry Arnn Under Fire For Calling Minority Students 'Dark Ones'". Huffington Post.
  38. ↑ "Mich. college president calls minorities 'dark ones'". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
  39. ↑ "Statement from House Democratic Leader Tim Greimel (D-Auburn Hills) on Hillsdale College President Larry Arnn's racist remarks: | Michigan House Democratic Caucus". Housedems.com. July 31, 2013. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  40. ↑ Higgins, Lori; Jesse, David (August 1, 2013). "Hillsdale president get heat over racial remark". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved September 26, 2013. 'No offense was intended by the use of that term except to the offending bureaucrats, and Dr. Arnn is sorry if such offense was honestly taken. But the greater concern, he believes, is the state-endorsed racism the story illustrates.'
  41. ↑ "About – College Profile – Hillsdale College". Hillsdale.edu. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  42. ↑ "Hillsdale College". U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges. 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-10.
  43. ↑ "The Best 378 Colleges: Most Conservative Students". Retrieved 2014-10-14. (registration required)
  44. ↑ "Forbes, America's Best Colleges, #178 Hillsdale College". October 4, 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-04.
  45. 1 2 "Hillsdale College: About Hillsdale". Retrieved 2011-04-15.
  46. 1 2 "Hillsdale Academy". Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  47. ↑ "Graduate School". Hillsdale College. June 23, 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  48. ↑ "About – Collections – Mossey Library". lib.hillsdale.edu. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
  49. ↑ Archived September 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  50. ↑ @AndrewKingHDN, Andrew King aking@hillsdale.net Twitter:. "College unveils statue of Frederick Douglass". Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  51. ↑ McGurn, William (June 2, 2009). "How Hillsdale Beats Harvard". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  52. ↑ "696 F2d 418 Hillsdale College v. Department of Health Education and Welfare". OpenJurist.org. Retrieved 2016-08-09.
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  54. ↑ "Grove City College, et al. v. Terrel H. Bell, Secretary of Education, et al.: No. 82-792 : In the Supreme Court of the United States; October Term, 1983" (TXT). Justice.gov. Retrieved 2016-08-09.
  55. ↑ "Hillsdale rejects Michigan grants". The Detroit News. August 14, 2007.
  56. ↑ Resolution of the Board of Trustees Hillsdale College, May 7, 2010
  57. ↑ "Center for Constructive Alternatives – Hillsdale College". Hillsdale.edu. June 23, 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  58. ↑ "Hillsdale College: Center for Constructive Alternatives". Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  59. ↑ "Hillsdale College: Audio and Video Tapes (CCA)" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  60. ↑ ISSN 0277-8432: OCLC 3890282, 19295004 (print); OCLC 800049146 (on-line)
  61. ↑ "Imprimis". Hillsdale.edu. Retrieved 2018-01-12.
  62. ↑ "Outreach/Charter Schools – Hillsdale College". Hillsdale.edu. June 23, 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  63. ↑ "Oxford – Hillsdale College". Hillsdale.edu. Retrieved 2016-08-09.
  64. ↑ "Hillsdale College". ctcl.org. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  65. ↑ "James Madison Fellowship Program". Allen P. Kirby Center, Hillsdale College. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  66. ↑ "Lecture Series". hillsdale.edu. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  67. ↑ "Hillsdale College Athletics: Official Homes of the Chargers". Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  68. ↑ "About Hillsdale College: Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  69. ↑ "Hillsdale College Athletics: Facilities". Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  70. ↑ "Delta Tau Delta, Undergraduate Chapters: Michigan". Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
  71. ↑ "Alpha Tau Omega, Chapters By State". Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  72. ↑ "Delta Sigma Phi, Ohio Valley Locations". Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
  73. ↑ "Kappa Kappa Gamma at Hillsdale College". Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
  74. ↑ "The Pi Beta Phi Chapter at Hillsdale College". Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  75. ↑ "Chi Omega, Collegiate Chapters". Archived from the original on October 20, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
  76. ↑ "College History/Alma Mater – Hillsdale College". Hillsdale.edu. June 23, 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  77. ↑ "Nebraska Governor Chester Hardy Aldrich". National Governors Association. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
  78. ↑ "Why the Club for Growth Is Changing Leadership". www.nationaljournal.com. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
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