Health in the United Kingdom

Life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth, England and Wales, 1841 to 2011.

In 2013 Life expectancy at birth for women was 83 years and for men 79 years.^[2] Life expectancy in the UK is rising more slowly than in other comparable nations. Austerity may be a cause.^[3] Underfunding of the NHS and Social care are blamed.^[4] In 2018 life expectancy in the UK stopped increasing for the first time since 1982 when recording started.^[5]

Infant mortality

The reduction in infant mortality between 1960 and 2008 for the United Kingdom in comparison with France, Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. The overall trend has meant a large improvement in health inside the United Kingdom.

Infant mortality rates have been decreasing since the early 1900s, partially due to general improvements in healthcare and more recently because of improvements in midwifery and neonatal intensive care.^[6]

Obesity

The rising rates of childhood obesity were described as a "national emergency" by Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt in February 2016.^[7] 28.1% of adults in the United Kingdom were recognised as clinically obese with a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 30 in 2014.^[8]

Smoking rates

In 1974, 45% of the British population smoked. The smoking rate was down to 30% by the early-1990s, 21% by 2010, and 19.3% by 2013, the lowest level for eighty years.^[9] In 2015, smoking rates in England had fallen to 16.9%.^[10]

Cancer

There were 361,216 cancer diagnoses in 2014 in the United Kingdom.^[11] Three quarters of cancers were related to smoking and drinking.^[12]

Mental health

In 2014, the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey reported that 17% of those surveyed in England met the criteria for a common mental disorder. About 37% of those were accessing mental health treatment. Those more severely affected were more likely to be accessing services.^[13] In 2017 a survey found that 65% of Britons have experienced a mental health problem, with 26% having had a panic attack and 42% said they had suffered from depression.^[14]

Benefit cuts and sanctions "are having a toxic impact on mental health" according to the UK Council for Psychotherapy. Rates of severe anxiety and depression among unemployed people increased from 10.1% in June 2013 to 15.2% in March 2017. In the general population the increase was from 3.4% to 4.1%.^[15]

HIV/AIDS

In 2015, the prevalence of HIV in the United Kingdom was estimated at 101,200 (0.16% of the population), 13% of whom are unaware of their infection.^{[18][19][20][21]} Prevalence is highest amongst gay/bisexual men in London with an estimated 1 in 7 living with HIV.^[19]

An estimated 101,200 people are living with HIV in the UK. Of those, 69% are men and 31% were women.^[19] Just under half of those living with HIV are gay or bisexual men.^[19] 1 in 7 gay or bisexual men in London are living with HIV, compared to 1 in 25 in the rest of the UK and less than 1 in 500 for the general population.^[19]

6,095 people were newly diagnosed during 2015, a trend which has remained relatively constant since 2010.^[22] An estimated 39% of diagnoses were late (likely to have been living with the virus for over three years).^[19]

Disability

In 2014 more than 11 million British people (excluding Northern Ireland) were reported to have a long term impairment or disability. The incidence rises with age. About 6% of children, 16% of working age adults and 45% of pensioners are reported as having a disability.^[23]

Socioeconomics

The Black Report, published reluctantly by the Thatcher government in 1980, highlighted the relationship between socioeconomic status and health outcomes. It demonstrated greater inequality of mortality between occupational classes I and V both in 1970-72 and 1959-63 than in 1949-53.^[25]