Hanlin Academy

Hanlin Academy
翰林院
Active Tang dynasty, reign of Emperor Xuanzong–1911
Founder Emperor Xuanzong
Location Chang'an, Luoyang, Beijing, Nanjing
Hanlin Academy
Traditional Chinese 翰林院
Simplified Chinese 翰林院

The Hanlin Academy was an academic and administrative institution founded in the eighth-century Tang China by Emperor Xuanzong in Chang'an.

Membership in the academy was confined to an elite group of scholars, who performed secretarial and literary tasks for the court. One of its main duties was to decide on an interpretation of the Chinese classics. This formed the basis of the Imperial examinations, which aspiring bureaucrats had to pass to attain higher level posts. Painters working for the court were also attached to the academy.

Academy members

Some of the more famous academicians of Hanlin were:

Bureau of Translators

Subordinated to the Hanlin Academy was the Bureau of Translators (Chinese: 四夷館/四译館; pinyin: Sìyí Guǎn/Sìyì Guǎn; Wade–Giles: Szu4-i2 Kuan3/Szu4-i4 Kuan3).[1] Founded by the Ming dynasty in 1407, after the first expedition of Zheng He to the Indian Ocean, the Bureau dealt with the memorials delivered by foreign ambassadors and trained foreign language specialists. It included departments for many languages[2] such as the Jurchen,[3][4][5] "Tartar" (Mongol),[6][7][8][9] Korean,[10] Ryukyuan, Japanese,[11][12][13][14][15] Tibetan,[16][17][18][19][20] "Huihui" (the "Muslim" language, Persian)[6][21][22][23] Vietnamese[24] and Burmese languages,[24][25][26] as well as for the languages of the "various barbarian tribes" (Bai yi 百夷, i.e., Shan ethnic groups on China's southwestern borders), "Gaochang" (people of Turfan, i.e. Old Uyghur language),[6][22][27][28][29][30][31] and Xitian (西天; (Sanskrit, spoken in India)). In 1511 and 1579 departments for the languages of Ba bai (八百; Lao) and Thai were added, respectively.[32] A Malay language vocabulary (Ma La Jia Guo Yi Yu) 滿剌加館譯語 (Words-list of Melaka Kingdom) for the Malay spoken in the Malacca Sultanate was compiled.[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] A Cham language vocabulary 占城館 was created for the language spoken in the Champa Kingdom.[43][44]

When the Qing dynasty revived the Ming Siyiguan 四夷館, the Manchus, who "were sensitive to references to barbarians", changed the name from yi 夷 "barbarian" to yi 彝 "Yi people", and changed the Shan exonym from Baiyi 百夷 "hundred barbarians" to Baiyi 百譯 "hundred translations".[45]

The later Tongwen Guan set up by the Qing dynasty for translating western languages was subordinated to the Zongli Yamen and not the Hanlin.

1900 fire

The Hanlin Academy in 1744, after a renovation under the Qianlong Emperor

The Beijing Hanlin Academy and its library were severely damaged in a fire during the siege of the Foreign Legations in Beijing in 1900 by the Kansu Braves while fighting against the Eight-Nation Alliance. On June 24, the fire spread to the Academy:

The old buildings burned like tinder with a roar which drowned the steady rattle of musketry as Tung Fu-shiang's Moslems fired wildly through the smoke from upper windows.

Some of the incendiaries were shot down, but the buildings were an inferno and the old trees standing round them blazed like torches.

An attempt was made to save the famous Yung Lo Ta Tien, but heaps of volumes had been destroyed, so the attempt was given up.

— eyewitness Lancelot Giles, son of Herbert Giles[46]

Many ancient texts were destroyed by the flames.[47]

The Academy operated continuously until its closure during the 1911 Xinhai Revolution.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wild, Norman. 1945. “Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ I Kuan 四 夷 譯 館 (bureau of Translators)”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 11 (3). Cambridge University Press: 617–40. https://www.jstor.org/stable/609340.
  2. ↑ http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/mulu/fb645.html
  3. ↑ Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature. pp. xix–.
  4. ↑ Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.). Mission Press. 1855. pp. xix–.
  5. ↑ de Lacouperie, Terrien. 1889. “The Djurtchen of Mandshuria: Their Name, Language, and Literature”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 21 (2). Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 1. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208941.
  6. 1 2 3 Morris Rossabi (28 November 2014). From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi. BRILL. pp. 98–. ISBN 978-90-04-28529-3.
  7. ↑ Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature. pp. xxvi–.
  8. ↑ Alexander Wylie; Henri Cordier (1897). Chinese Researches. pp. 261–.
  9. ↑ Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.). Mission Press. 1855. pp. xxvi–.
  10. ↑ Ogura, S.. 1926. “A Corean Vocabulary”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 4 (1). Cambridge University Press: 1–10. https://www.jstor.org/stable/607397.
  11. ↑ http://ir.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/retrieve/57290/ntnulib_ja_B0102_0046_095.pdf
  12. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chichi_Chu/publication/261862126__16-signed/links/00463535a7b0edccfd000000.pdf
  13. ↑ http://www.hanyushi.zju.edu.cn/attachments/old/200638144724258.pdf
  14. ↑ http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/rct/pdf/5th_abstract_online.pdf
  15. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261862126__16-signed
  16. ↑ http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kotenseki/html/ho05/ho05_02389/index.html
  17. ↑ https://www.academia.edu/3432241/A_Brief_History_of_the_Tibetan_Interpreter_Bureau_Xifan_Guan_in_the_Ming_Dynasty
  18. ↑ https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/138569/filename/La_chute_du_s.pdf
  19. ↑ http://www.nacos.com/shokado/Site01/mokuroku091203.pdf
  20. ↑ http://www.shukupdf.com/yuyanwenzi/SSXYXZCSXEJNXS.html
  21. ↑ Hecker, Felicia J.. 1993. “A Fifteenth-century Chinese Diplomat in Herat”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 3 (1). Cambridge University Press: 91–93. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25182641?seq=7.
  22. 1 2 Morris Rossabi (28 November 2014). From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi. BRILL. pp. 94–. ISBN 978-90-04-28529-3.
  23. ↑ p. 5.
  24. 1 2 http://khoavanhoc.edu.vn/attachments/455_Shimizu%20Masaaki%20-%20tailieu.pdf
  25. ↑ http://c.sou-yun.com/eBooks/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%96/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E8%AD%AF%E8%AA%9E%20%E6%98%8E%20%E7%81%AB%E5%8E%9F%E6%BD%94%E6%92%B0/%E4%BA%8C.pdf
  26. ↑ http://c.sou-yun.com/eBooks/四庫之外/華夷譯語%20明%20火原潔撰/二.pdf
  27. ↑ Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee; Luther Carrington Goodrich (15 October 1976). Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644. Columbia University Press. pp. 1042, 1126.
  28. ↑ Heinrich Julius Klaproth (January 1985). Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren. Buske Verlag. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-3-87118-710-0.
  29. ↑ Heinrich Julius Klaproth (1820). Abhandlungen über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren. pp. 6–.
  30. ↑ Heinrich Julius von Klaproth (1820). Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren, nebst einem Wörterverzeichnisse und anderen uigurischen Sprachproben (etc.). Königl. Dr. pp. 6–.
  31. ↑ Heinrich Julius Klaproth (1812). Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren. pp. 41–.
  32. ↑ Norman Wild (1945), "Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ i Kuan 四夷(譯)館 (Bureau of Translators)", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 11 (3): 617–640, doi:10.1017/s0041977x00072311, JSTOR 609340 ; pp. 617-618.
  33. ↑ Vladimir Braginsky (18 March 2014). Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia. Routledge. pp. 366–. ISBN 978-1-136-84879-7.
  34. ↑ Edwards, E. D., and C. O. Blagden. 1931. “A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected Between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 6 (3). [Cambridge University Press, School of Oriental and African Studies]: 715–49. https://www.jstor.org/stable/607205.
  35. ↑ C. O. B.. 1939. “Corrigenda and Addenda: A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected Between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 10 (1). Cambridge University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/607921.
  36. ↑ Chee-Beng Tan (1 March 2004). Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-962-209-662-2.
  37. ↑ Chee-Beng Tan (1 March 2004). Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-962-209-661-5.
  38. ↑ Phyllis Ghim-Lian Chew (7 December 2012). A Sociolinguistic History of Early Identities in Singapore: From Colonialism to Nationalism. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-1-137-01233-3.
  39. ↑ Donald F. Lach (15 January 2010). Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume II: A Century of Wonder. Book 3: The Scholarly Disciplines. University of Chicago Press. pp. 493–. ISBN 978-0-226-46713-9.
  40. ↑ p. 21
  41. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  42. ↑ V. I. Braginskiĭ (2007). ... and Sails the Boat Downstream: Malay Sufi Poems of the Boat. Department of Languages and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania, University of Leiden. p. 95. ISBN 978-90-73084-24-7.
  43. ↑ Edwards, E. D., and C. O. Blagden. 1939. “A Chinese Vocabulary of Cham Words and Phrases”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 10 (1). Cambridge University Press: 53–91. https://www.jstor.org/stable/607926.
  44. ↑ Vladimir Braginsky (18 March 2014). Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia. Routledge. pp. 398–. ISBN 978-1-136-84879-7.
  45. ↑ Wild (1945), p. 620.
  46. ↑ "BOXER REBELLION // CHINA 1900". HISTORIK ORDERS, LTD WEBSITE. Archived from the original on February 12, 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  47. ↑ Diana Preston (1999). The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900. pp. 138–140. ISBN 0-8027-1361-0.

Further reading

  • Martin, William Alexander Parsons (1880). Hanlin Papers: Or, Essays on the Intellectual Life of the Chinese. Trübner & Company. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  • Sparks, Jared; Everett, Edward; Lowell, James Russell; et al., eds. (1874). The North American Review, Volume 119. American periodical series, 1800-1850. O. Everett. Retrieved 24 April 2014.

Foreign language vocabularies

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.