HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I

HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I
A image of a silver statue wearing a military-like outfit with its hair clipped behind its head. To the left of the statue the words "MICHAEL JACKSON" are written in white letters and underneath them is "HISTORY PAST PRESENT AND FUTURE BOOK I" written in smaller white print. Behind the statue, a sky with black and red clouds can be seen.
Studio album and greatest hits album by Michael Jackson
Released June 16, 1995 (1995-06-16)
Recorded September 1994 to March 1995 (disc 2)
Length 148:58
Label
  • Epic
  • MJJ Productions
Producer
Michael Jackson chronology
Dangerous
(1991)		 HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I
(1995)		 Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix
(1997)
Michael Jackson studio album chronology
Dangerous
(1991) Dangerous1991		 HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I
(1995) HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I1995		 Invincible
(2001) Invincible2001
Singles from HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I
  1. "Scream/Childhood"
    Released: May 31, 1995
  2. "You Are Not Alone"
    Released: August 15, 1995
  3. "Earth Song"
    Released: November 27, 1995
  4. "They Don't Care About Us"
    Released: March 31, 1996
  5. "Stranger in Moscow"
    Released: November 4, 1996

HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (usually shortened to HIStory) is the ninth studio album by American singer Michael Jackson, released on June 16, 1995. It was Jackson's fifth album released through Epic Records, and the first released on his label MJJ Productions. The album was Jackson's first studio album since his 1991 album Dangerous nearly four years prior, and his first new material to be released since being accused of child sexual abuse in 1993.[1] HIStory consists of two discs: the first, HIStory Begins, is a greatest hits compilation; the second, HIStory Continues, comprises new material written and produced by Jackson and collaborators. The themes include environmental awareness, isolation, greed, suicide, injustice, and Jackson's conflicts with the media.

HIStory attracted some controversy. Jackson rerecorded some lyrics in "They Don't Care About Us" after he was accused of antisemitism, and contributor R. Kelly was accused of having plagiarized one of the album's songs, "You Are Not Alone", leading to its banning on Belgian radio.

HIStory debuted at number one in countries including the United States, Canada, Australia, France and the United Kingdom, and charted in the top ten in Spain, India and Mexico. By 1997 it had been certified six times platinum in Europe, making it the best-selling album of the year in the combined European market.[2] The album received generally positive reviews and was nominated for five Grammy Awards, winning one for Best Music Video – Short Form for "Scream".

Six singles and one promotional single were released from HIStory: "Scream/Childhood", "You Are Not Alone", "Earth Song", "This Time Around", "They Don't Care About Us" and "Stranger in Moscow", with "Smile" being released for promotional purposes only. "Earth Song", "They Don't Care About Us" and "Stranger in Moscow" peaked in the top ten in multiple countries, but were less successful within the United States. The greatest hits disc was reissued as a single disc on November 13, 2001, under the title Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I and had sold four million copies worldwide by 2010.[3] The second disc was released separately in some European countries in 2011. As of 2010, HIStory has sold more than 20 million copies[4] worldwide and is the best selling multiple-disc release, making it one of the best-selling albums of all time.[5]

Background

Starting in the late 1980s, Jackson and the tabloid press had a difficult relationship. In 1986, tabloids claimed that Jackson slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber and had offered to buy the bones of Joseph Merrick (the "Elephant Man"), both of which Jackson denied.[6][7] These stories inspired the derogatory nickname "Wacko Jacko", which Jackson despised. He stopped leaking untruths to the press, and the media began creating their own stories.[8] In 1989, Jackson released "Leave Me Alone", a song about the victimization he felt by press.[9] The song's music video shows Jackson poking fun at the press and his situation.[10]

In 1993, the relationship between Jackson and the press crumbled entirely when he was accused of child sexual abuse. Although he was not charged, Jackson was subject to intense media scrutiny while the criminal investigation took place. Complaints about the coverage and media included misleading and sensational headlines;[11] paying for stories of Jackson's alleged criminal activity[12] and confidential material from the police investigation;[13] using unflattering pictures of Jackson;[14] and using headlines that strongly implied Jackson's guilt.[14] In 1994, Jackson said of the media coverage: "I am particularly upset by the handling of the matter by the incredible, terrible mass media. At every opportunity, the media has dissected and manipulated these allegations to reach their own conclusions."[15]

Jackson, pictured in 1984

Jackson began taking painkillers, Valium, Xanax and Ativan to deal with the stress of the allegations.[16] A few months after the allegations became news, Jackson stopped eating.[17] Soon after, Jackson's health deteriorated to the extent that he cancelled the remainder of his tour and went into rehabilitation.[18][19] Jackson booked the whole fourth floor of a clinic and was put on Valium IV to wean him from painkillers.[18][19] The media showed Jackson little sympathy. In 1993, The Daily Mirror held a "Spot the Jacko" contest, offering readers a trip to Disney World if they could correctly predict where Jackson would appear next.[18] The same year, a Daily Express headline read "Drug Treatment Star Faces Life on the Run", while a News of the World headline accused Jackson of being a fugitive; these tabloids also falsely alleged that Jackson had travelled to Europe to have cosmetic surgery that would make him unrecognisable on his return.[18] In early November 1993, talk show host Geraldo Rivera set up a mock trial with a jury of audience members, though Jackson had not been charged with a crime.[20]

Production and release

HIStory is a two-disc album. Disc one (HIStory Begins) contains previously released material from Jackson's four previous post-Motown studio albums, Off the Wall (1979), Thriller (1982), Bad (1987) and Dangerous (1991). The second disc (HIStory Continues) comprises new material recorded from September 1994 to March 1995.[21] Jackson co-wrote and co-produced a majority of the new songs; other writers include Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, Dallas Austin, The Notorious B.I.G., Bruce Swedien, R. Kelly and René Moore, and other producers include David Foster and Bill Bottrell.[21] HIStory was Jackson's first studio album since his 1991 album Dangerous four years prior, and his first new material to be released since being accused of child sexual abuse in 1993.[1] The various song genres include R&B, pop, rock, dance, urban, new jack swing, funk, and hip-hop.[1] The album was released on double gold CD, double cassette, and triple vinyl. HIStory was released on June 16, 1995 by Sony Music's Epic Records.

Composition

Similarly to Jackson's previous studio albums Thriller and Bad, HIStory contains lyrics that deal with paranoia. The majority of the new songs were written by Jackson. Several of the album's 15 new songs pertain to the child sexual abuse allegations made against him in 1993[22] and Jackson's perceived mistreatment by the media, mainly the tabloids.[23] Because of this, the album has been described as being Jackson's most "personal".[24] Two of the album's new tracks are covers.[22] The genres of the songs on the album span R&B, pop, hard rock and ballads.[22][24][25] The lyrics pertain to isolation, greed, environmental concerns, injustice. "Scream" is a duet with Jackson's younger sister Janet; contemporary critics noted that it was difficult to distinguish their voices apart.[22] It was noted that the "refrain" of the song's lyrics "Stop pressurin' me!" is "compelling," and that Jackson "spits out the lyrics with drama and purpose".[22] The song's lyrics are about injustice.[24]

The lyrics for the R&B ballad "You Are Not Alone", written by R. Kelly, pertain to isolation.[24] Two Belgian songwriters, brothers Eddy and Danny Van Passel, claimed to have written the melody in 1993; In September 2007, a Belgian judge ruled the song was plagiarized from the Van Passel brothers, and it was subsequently banned from airwaves in Belgium.[26][27] "D.S." is a hard rock song, whose lyrics were interpreted by music critics as an attack on the district attorney of Jackson's child sexual abuse case, Thomas Sneddon.[22][25] Multiple critics reviewed the song in connection with Sneddon, Fox News Channel and CNN, noting that the "cold man" in the lyrics is Sneddon; when the name "Dom S. Sheldon" from the chorus is sung, it resembles "Thomas Sneddon".[28][29]

"Money" was interpreted as being directed at Evan Chandler, the father of the boy who accused Jackson of child sexual abuse.[22] The lyrics of "Childhood" pertain to Jackson's own childhood.[30] Similar to "Scream", the lyrics to "They Don't Care About Us" pertain to injustice, as well as racism. In "This Time Around", Jackson asserts himself as having been "falsely accused".[22] The song features The Notorious B.I.G. (aka Biggie Smalls) two years before his death in 1997. Jackson worked with Biggie again posthumously in 2001 on Jackson's following album, Invincible on the song "Unbreakable"; this made him the only rapper to appear on multiple Jackson LPs.[31] "Earth Song" was described as a "slow blues-operatic",[24] and its lyrics pertain to environmental concerns. On HIStory, Jackson covered Charlie Chaplin's "Smile" and The Beatles' "Come Together".[24] "2 Bad" is a track heavily influenced by hip-hop, featuring a sample of Run–D.M.C.'s King of Rock and another guest rap verse by Shaquille O'Neal. The similarity in lyrics and name have led to some seeing it as a spiritual successor to Jackson's 1987 track, Bad.[32] "Stranger in Moscow" is a pop ballad that is interspersed with sounds of rain,[22] in which Jackson references a "swift and sudden fall from grace".[24] "Tabloid Junkie" is a hard funk song[33] with lyrics instructing listeners to not believe everything they read in the media and tabloids.[24][25] The album's title track, "HIStory" contained multiple samples, including Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech.[34] "HIStory" was not released as a single from HIStory, but its remix was from Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix in 1997.

As an introduction for "Little Susie", Michael used his own variation of Pie Jesu from Maurice Duruflé's Requiem. Some speculate, the inspiration behind the song likely came from an artist called Gottfried Helnwein. Little Susie was based on a true story, written about a girl called Susie Condry who was murdered in 1972. Michael wrote and composed the song for her, dedicating it to her. Susie was abused and had a struggling life with no one loving her, no matter what she did. The full story can be found online. Michael admired the artist's work and he had purchased some of his paintings. One of them, "Beautiful Victim", inspired the song. The song Helnwein is considered quite provocative as he paints about the human condition depicting wounded children, among others. Helnwein later painted a portrait of Michael.[35] There appears to be a similarity between the "Beautiful Victim" painting and the artwork included for the song in HIStory.[35]

Controversy and influence

Dispute regarding lyrics of "They Don't Care About Us"

One of many identical statues based on Diana Walczak's original HIStory statue (pictured June 3, 2005, in the Netherlands), that Sony positioned throughout Europe to promote HIStory.

The possibility that the lyrics to "They Don't Care About Us" contained antisemitism was first raised publicly by The New York Times on June 15, 1995, one day before the album's release. The publication highlighted the lyrics, "Jew me, sue me, everybody do me/ Kick me, kike me, don't you black or white me" and labeled them "slurs".[36] Jackson responded directly to the publication, stating:

When questioned further about the lyrics, Jackson denied that "They Don't Care About Us" was antisemitic, commenting "It's not anti-Semitic because I'm not a racist person ... I could never be a racist. I love all races."[36] That same day, Jackson received support from his manager and record label, who described the lyrics as "brilliant", that they were about opposition to prejudice and taken out of context.[36] The following day, David A. Lehrer and Rabbi Marvin Hier, leaders of two Jewish organizations, stated that Jackson's attempt to make a song critical of discrimination had backfired. They expressed the opinion that the lyrics used were unsuitable for young audiences because they might not understand the song's context and that the song was ambiguous for some of the listeners. They acknowledged that Jackson meant well and suggested that he write an explanation in the album booklet.[37]

On June 17, Jackson issued another public apology to anyone offended by his choice of words and promised that future copies of the album would include an apology, Jackson concluded, "I just want you all to know how strongly I am committed to tolerance, peace and love, and I apologize to anyone who might have been hurt".[38] The next day, in his review of HIStory, Jon Pareles of The New York Times alleged, "In ... 'They Don't Care About Us', he gives the lie to his entire catalogue of brotherhood anthems with a burst of anti-Semitism: 'Jew me, sue me, everybody do me/ Kick me, kike me, don't you black or white me'".[39]

On June 23, Jackson decided, despite the cost incurred, he would return to the studio and alter the offending wording on future copies of the album; "Jew me" and "Kike me" would be substituted with "do me" and "strike me".[40] He reiterated his acceptance that the song was offensive to some.[40][41] Spike Lee, who would direct the music videos for "They Don't Care About Us", stated that he felt there was a double standard in the music industry, commenting that the use of the word nigger, in music, does not cause controversy.[42] Additionally, rapper Notorious B.I.G., used the word nigga on another song on the HIStory album, "This Time Around", but it did not attract media attention.[42]

Later releases of the song (i.e. on newer platforms) censor the words "jew" and "kike" with distorted static effects.[43]

Music videos

HIStory's music videos displayed different themes and elements, while some of them encouraged awareness of poverty and had a positive effect on their shooting locations. The promo for "They Don't Care About Us" was directed by Spike Lee; Jackson said that Lee chose to direct the video because the song "has an edge, and Spike Lee had approached me. It's a public awareness song and that's what he is all about. It's a protest kind of song... and I think he was perfect for it".[44] Jackson also collaborated with 200 members of the cultural group Olodum, who played music in the video.[45] The resulting media interest exposed Olodum to 140 countries, bringing them worldwide fame and increasing their status in Brazil.[46] Lúcia Nagib, of The New Brazilian Cinema, said of the music video:

In 2009, Billboard described the area as "now a model for social development" and stated that Jackson's influence was partially responsible for this improvement.[48] For the first time in Jackson's career, he made a second music video for a single.[49] This second version was filmed in a prison with cell mates; the video shows Jackson handcuffed and contains real footage of police attacking African Americans, the Ku Klux Klan, genocide, execution, and other human rights abuses.[49] Jackson's music video for "Earth Song" received praise for its environmental recognition. In 1995, the video received a Genesis Award for Doris Day Music Award, given each year for animal sensitivity.[50] In 2008, a writer for the Nigeria Exchange noted, "'Earth Song' drew the world's attention to the degradation and bastardization of the earth as a fall out of various human activities".[51]

Two other music videos from HIStory have been influential. Jackson's "Stranger In Moscow" music video influenced the advertising campaign for International Cricket Council Champions Trophy 2004, which featured "a series of smart outdoor ads and a classy TV spot".[52] The television commercial was inspired by "Stranger In Moscow"s video where "the maiden in black splash about in the rain, with kids playing cricket for company".[52] "Scream" was a creative influence on other music videos such as the 1999 release of the award-winning "No Scrubs" by TLC.[53] This influence was also present on the 2008 release of "Shawty Get Loose" by Lil Mama and Chris Brown.[54] Reacting to the comparisons made between the videos, Mama explained, "I feel honored, because that was one of the initial goals, and I feel that it was executed well", she added that the emulation was intentional and that Brown was the only logical choice to step into Michael Jackson's role.[54]

Promotion

Sony Music spent $30 million to promote the album.[55] Prior to the album's release, the music press were anticipating how well it would sell. One analyst for SoundScan expressed the opinion that the press were out of touch with the public when it came to Jackson; the public liked him, while the press did not.[56] He believed that "naysayers" in the media would be left surprised with the commercial reception to the HIStory campaign.[56] "Smile", "This Time Around" and "D.S." were released as promotional singles in 1995 and December 1997. Due to lack of radio airplay, "Smile" and "D.S." did not chart on any music charts worldwide. "This Time Around", was released as radio-only single in the United States in December 1995. The song peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart and at number 18 on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart solely off radio airplay.[57]

To promote the album, Jackson embarked on the commercially successful world concert tour, titled HIStory World Tour. The HIStory World Tour was Jackson's third, and last, concert tour as a solo artist. The HIStory World Tour, beginning in Prague, Czech Republic on September 7, 1996, attracted more than 4.5 million fans from 58 cities in 35 countries around the world. The average concert attendance was 54,878 and the tour lasted 82 tour dates. Jackson did not perform any concerts in the United States, besides two concerts in January 1997 in Hawaii.[58] VIP seats cost, on average, $200 per person.[58] Each concert lasted an estimated two hours and ten minutes.[58] The HIStory World Tour concluded in Durban, South Africa on October 15, 1997.[59][60]

Singles

A image of a person with pale skin dangling by their hands from a crane. The person is wearing a white shirt and black pants and footwear. A black background can be seen behind the person.
Jackson performing "Earth Song" on June 20, 1997, in Lausanne during the HIStory World Tour. During the performance Jackson was dangled from the edge of a crane.

Several singles were released from HIStory. "Scream"/"Childhood", released as a double A-side, was the first single released from HIStory in May 1995. "Scream" was sung and performed by Jackson and his sister Janet Jackson. The single had the best ever debut at number five - where it peaked, on the Billboard Hot 100.[61] The song received a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Collaboration With Vocals".[61][62] The music video for "Scream" is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed songs and music videos, receiving numerous awards. With a US$9 million music video production budget, "Scream" is the most expensive music video ever made as of 2015.[63]

"You Are Not Alone" was the second single released from HIStory. Having debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 2, 1995,[64] it would become the first song ever to debut at number one on the chart, succeeding the record previously held from Jackson's "Scream" single.[61] "You Are Not Alone" was released in August 1995, and it topped the charts in various international markets, including the United Kingdom,[31] France, and Spain.[65] The song was seen as a major artistic and commercial success.[62]

"Earth Song" was the third single released in November 1995. "Earth Song" did not chart on Billboard 100. Internationally, the song topped four countries' charts, as well as charting within the top-ten in nine other nations.[66] The song topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks over Christmas in 1995 and sold one million copies there, making it his most successful United Kingdom single, surpassing the success of his single "Billie Jean".[62]

"This Time Around" was the fourth single released on December 26, 1995.

"They Don't Care About Us" was the fifth single. "They Don't Care About Us" peaked at number thirty on the Billboard 100, and it charted within the top-ten of Billboard's Hot Dance Music and Hot R&B Singles Charts.[57] The song charted better in other countries, compared to the United States, managing to chart within the top-ten in fourteen countries. "They Don't Care About Us" topped the German Singles chart for three weeks,[67] while peaking at number two in Spain, number three in Austria, Sweden, and Switzerland, as well as charting at number four in France, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.[68]

"Stranger in Moscow" was released as the sixth single in November 1996. The song was well received by critics. In the United States, the song peaked at number ninety one on the Billboard Hot 100.[69] Outside of the United States, the song was a success, topping in Spain and Italy, while peaking within the top-ten in the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and New Zealand, among others.[70][71]

"Smile" was released as the seventh and final single on January 20, 1998.

Release and reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[1]
Robert Christgau[72]
Entertainment WeeklyB[25]
Q[73]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide[74]
Rolling Stone[24]

HIStory received generally positive reviews. Arguably Jackson's most angry, raw, emotional album, the new tracks on HIStory revealed a musician worn and torn by years of superstardom, now reportedly reacting against people who tried to bring him down. This reaction is what some people say ultimately stunted his previous skill at creating cutting edge musical trends,[75] with Jon Pareles of The New York Times writing that "It has been a long time since Michael Jackson was simply a performer. He's the main asset of his own corporation, which is a profitable subsidiary of Sony".[75] Some reviewers commented on the unusual format of a new studio album being accompanied by a "greatest hits" collection, with Q magazine saying "from the new songs' point of view, it's like taking your dad with you into a fight."[73] Fred Shuster of the Daily News of Los Angeles described "This Time Around", "Money" and "D.S." as "superb slices of organic funk that will fuel many of the summer's busiest dance floors".[76]

James Hunter of Rolling Stone gave HIStory four-out-of-five stars and noted that it "unfolds in Jackson's outraged response to everything he has encountered in the last year or so. It makes for an odd, charmless second chapter to a first that includes miraculous recordings like 'Billie Jean,' 'The Way You Make Me Feel,' 'Black or White' and 'Beat It.'[24] In relation to "This Time Around", Hunter described it as a "dynamite jam" that's "ripe for remixes" and described "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie," as being "adventurous" while noting that "Earth Song" as a "noble sentiments" that sounds "primarily like a showpiece".[24] Jim Farber of the New York Daily News gave the album a generally mixed review and commented that he would give the album's first disc three stars if it was released on its own.[23] Jon Pareles of The New York Times believed that Jackson "muttered" lyrics such as "They thought they really had control of me".[75] Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times said of "This Time Around", "a tough, rhythm-guitar-driven track co-written and co-produced by hit-maker Dallas Austin that sports one of the album's better grooves".[77]

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic gave HIStory three-out-of-five stars, but commented that it was a "monumental achievement" of Jackson's ego.[1] Erlewine remarked that on the HIStory Begins CD, it contains "some of the greatest music in pop history" but that it leaves some hits out, citing "Say Say Say" and "Dirty Diana" — commenting that "yet it's filled with enough prime material to be thoroughly intoxicating".[1] Erlewine noted that HIStory Continues is "easily the most personal album Jackson has recorded" and that its songs' lyrics referencing the molestation accusations create a "thick atmosphere of paranoia".[1] He cited "You Are Not Alone" and "Scream" as being "well-crafted pop that ranks with his best material", but concludes that "nevertheless, HIStory Continues stands as his weakest album since the mid-'70s."[1] David Browne of Entertainment Weekly, gave "HIStory Begins" an "A-" grade but the album's new material a "C-", which "winds up a B" for the entire album.[25] Browne commented that the music "rarely seems to transport him (and thereby us) to a higher plane."[25] The album was nominated for five Grammy Awards at the 1996 and 1997 ceremonies respectively, winning one award. "You Are Not Alone" was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Performance – Male, "Scream" was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals and "Scream" won Best Music Video - Short Form and "Earth Song" was nominated for the same award the following year. The album itself was nominated for Album of the Year. At the 1995 MTV Video Music Awards, "Scream" received ten nominations, winning in three categories.[78]

HIStory debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts selling over 391,000 copies in its first week.[79][80] The album was certified eight times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on August 23, 2018 in the United States. Because HIStory is double disc album, its CDs are therefore counted separately for certification purposes, meaning the album achieved platinum status in the United States after 500,000 copies were shipped, not one million. In Europe, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry certified HIStory six times platinum, denoting six million shipments within the continent, including 1.5 million in Germany and 1.2 million shipments in the United Kingdom.[81] As of 2010, HIStory has sold more than 20 million copies[4] worldwide and is the best selling multiple-disc release, making it one of the best-selling albums of all time.[5]

Track listing

Disc one: HIStory Begins/Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I
No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."Billie Jean" (from Thriller, 1982)Michael Jackson
4:54
2."The Way You Make Me Feel" (from Bad, 1987)M. Jackson
  • Jones
  • M. Jackson[a]
4:58
3."Black or White" (from Dangerous, 1991)
  • M. Jackson
  • Bottrell
4:16
4."Rock with You" (from Off the Wall, 1979)Rod TempertonJones3:40
5."She's Out of My Life" (from Off the Wall)Tom BahlerJones3:38
6."Bad" (from Bad)M. Jackson
  • Jones
  • M. Jackson[a]
4:07
7."I Just Can't Stop Loving You" (featuring Siedah Garrett) (from Bad)M. Jackson
  • Jones
  • M. Jackson[a]
4:13
8."Man in the Mirror" (from Bad)
  • Jones
  • M. Jackson[a]
5:19
9."Thriller" (from Thriller)TempertonJones5:58
10."Beat It" (from Thriller)M. Jackson
  • Jones
  • M. Jackson[a]
4:18
11."The Girl Is Mine" (duet with Paul McCartney) (from Thriller)M. Jackson
  • Jones
  • M. Jackson[a]
3:42
12."Remember the Time" (from Dangerous)
  • M. Jackson
  • Riley
4:00
13."Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" (from Off the Wall)M. Jackson
  • Jones
  • M. Jackson[a]
6:06
14."Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" (from Thriller)M. Jackson
  • Jones
  • M. Jackson[a]
6:03
15."Heal the World" (from Dangerous)M. Jackson
6:25
Disc two: HIStory Continues
No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."Scream" (featuring Janet Jackson)
4:38
2."They Don't Care About Us"M. JacksonM. Jackson4:44
3."Stranger In Moscow"M. JacksonM. Jackson5:35
4."This Time Around" (featuring The Notorious B.I.G.)
  • Austin
  • Jackson
  • Swedien[a]
  • Rene[a]
4:21
5."Earth Song" (recorded in May 1989, August 1991 & September 1994 – March 1995, during the Dangerous & HIStory sessions)M. Jackson
6:48
6."D.S." (featuring Slash)M. JacksonM. Jackson4:49
7."Money"M. JacksonM. Jackson4:42
8."Come Together" (recorded 1988)
  • M. Jackson
  • Bottrell
4:03
9."You Are Not Alone"R. Kelly
  • Kelly
  • M. Jackson
5:46
10."Childhood"M. Jackson
  • M. Jackson
  • Foster
4:28
11."Tabloid Junkie"
  • M. Jackson
  • Harris III
  • Lewis
  • Michael Jackson
  • Jimmy Jam
  • Lewis
4:33
12."2 Bad" (featuring Shaquille O'Neal)
  • Jackson
  • Swedien
  • Rene
  • Austin
  • M. Jackson
  • Jimmy Jam
  • Lewis
  • Swedien
  • Rene
4:50
13."HIStory"
  • M. Jackson
  • Harris III
  • Lewis
  • M. Jackson
  • Jimmy Jam
  • Lewis
6:38
14."Little Susie"M. JacksonM. Jackson6:15
15."Smile"
  • Foster
  • M. Jackson
4:56
Notes
  • ^[a] signifies a co-producer
  • The earliest French, German, and Dutch pressings of the album contain a hidden track on HIStory Begins, which is a 20-second message from Michael to his fans in the matching countries.
  • Some of the earlier versions of the album contain a different intro in the title track, "HIStory" which was sampled from "The Great Gate of Kiev" in Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition. Later versions replaced it with a similar orchestra piece.
  • The earliest pressings of this album contain "They Don't Care About Us" with the uncensored lyrics.

Personnel

Adapted from the album's liner notes and AllMusic.[21][82]

  • Gary Adante – keyboards, synthesizer
  • Yannick Allain – staff
  • Trini Alvarez Jr. - assistant engineer
  • Maxi Anderson – choir conductor
  • Rob Arbitter – keyboards, synthesizer
  • Ryan Arnold – assistant engineer
  • Gloria Augustus – background vocals
  • Dallas Austin – arranger, keyboards, producer, synthesizer
  • John Bahler – vocal arrangement, background vocals
  • John Bahler Singers – background vocals
  • Tom Bahler – synclavier
  • Bettye Bailey – staff
  • Glen Ballard – keyboards, rhythm arrangements, synthesizer, synthesizer arrangements
  • Brian Banks – keyboards, synthesizer, synthesizer programming
  • John Barnes – keyboards, piano, synthesizer, vocal arrangement
  • Elmer Bernstein – conductor, orchestral arrangements
  • Emily Bernstein – orchestration
  • Tony Duino Black – assistant engineer
  • Michael Boddicker – choir conductor, keyboards, programming, sound design, synthesizer, synthesizer programming
  • Bill Bottrell – drums, engineer, guitar, keyboards, mixing, percussion, producer, synthesizer
  • Jeff Bova – programming, synthesizer programming
  • Crystal Bowers – executive assistant
  • Boyz II Men – guest artist, background vocals
  • Miko Brando – staff
  • Bobby Brooks – drums, engineer, percussion, programming, sound design, synthesizer programming
  • Ollie E. Brown – percussion
  • Chauna Bryant – children's chorus, choir/chorus
  • Rodger Bumpass – background vocals, voiceover
  • Brad Buxer – arranger, keyboards, orchestration, percussion, piano, programming, sequencing arranger, sound effects, soundscape, synthesizer, synthesizer programming
  • Caleena Campbell – children's chorus, choir/chorus
  • Bruce Cannon – effects, special effects
  • Larry Carlton – guitar
  • Reeve Carney – children's chorus, choir/chorus
  • Reagans Carter – artwork, photography
  • Lafayette Carthon – keyboards, synthesizer
  • Jim Champagne – assistant engineer
  • Leon "Ndugu" Chancler – drums
  • Charlie Chaplin – tributee
  • Rosemary Chavira – staff
  • Wayne Cobham – synthesizer programming
  • Lester Cohen – artwork, photography
  • David Coleman – art direction
  • Jesse Corti – background vocals, voiceover
  • Richard Cottrell – engineer
  • Andraé Crouch – vocal arrangement, background vocals
  • The Andraé Crouch Singers – background vocals
  • Sandra Crouch – background vocals
  • Christopher Currell – guitar, percussion, rhythm arrangements, synclavier
  • Paulinho Da Costa – percussion
  • Rick Dasher – assistant engineer
  • Eddie DeLena – engineer, mixing
  • Jeff DeMorris – assistant engineer
  • Carol Dennis – background vocals
  • Carolyn Dennis – background vocals
  • Nancy Donald – art direction
  • Nathan East – bass
  • Bill Easystone – assistant engineer
  • Felipe Elgueta – engineer
  • Sam Emerson – artwork, photography
  • Jonathan Exley – artwork, photography
  • Ashley Farrell – voiceover
  • Steve Ferrone – drums, percussion
  • Angela Fisher – children's chorus, choir/chorus
  • Matt Forger – engineer, sound effects, soundscape, technical director
  • David Foster – keyboards, orchestral arrangements, piano, producer, synthesizer, synthesizer arrangements
  • Jania Foxworth – children's chorus, choir/chorus
  • Simon Franglen – drums, keyboards, percussion, programming, synclavier programming, synthesizer, synthesizer programming
  • Leah Frazier – soloist
  • Harrison Funk – artwork, photography
  • Eric Gale – guitar
  • Gus Garces – assistant engineer
  • Siedah Garrett – duet, guest artist, performer, primary artist, vocal harmony
  • Humberto Gatica – engineer
  • Peter Germansen – assistant engineer
  • Douglas Getschall – drum programming, programming
  • Kevin Gilbert – engineer, synthesizer programming
  • Jim Gilstrap – background vocals
  • Nate Giorgio – artwork, photography
  • Carl Glanville – assistant engineer
  • Greg Gorman – artwork, photography
  • Jackie Gouché – background vocals
  • Geoff Grace – orchestration
  • Crystal Grant – children's chorus
  • Gary Grant – flugelhorn, horn, trumpet
  • Nikisha Grier – children's chorus, choir/chorus
  • Doug Grigsby – bass
  • Bernie Grundman – mastering
  • Stephanie Gylden – assistant engineer
  • Omar Hakim – drums, percussion
  • Natalia Harris – children's chorus
  • Amy Hartman – staff
  • Gary Hearne – staff
  • Richard Heath – percussion
  • Gorrfried Helnwein – artwork, photography
  • Marlo Henderson – guitar
  • Jerry Hey – conductor, flugelhorn, horn, horn arrangements, string arrangements, synthesizer arrangements, trumpet
  • Steve Hodge – engineer, mixing
  • Rob Hoffman – assistant engineer, engineer, guitar, programming, synthesizer programming
  • Jean-marie horvat – Engineer
  • Rhonda Hoskins – children's chorus
  • How Now Brown Cow – percussion
  • Dann Huff – guitar
  • Bunny Hull – background vocals
  • Kim Hutchcroft – flute, horn, saxophone
  • James Ingram – background vocals
  • Crystal Jackson – children's chorus, choir/chorus
  • Janet Jackson – duet vocals, producer, vocal arrangement, background vocals
  • Michael Jackson – arranger, director, drums, executive producer, guitar, horn arrangements, keyboard arrangements, keyboards, liner notes, percussion, primary artist, producer, rhythm arrangements, sequencing arranger, string arrangements, synthesizer, synthesizer arrangements, vocal arrangement, vocals, background vocals
  • Paul Jackson, Jr. - guitar
  • Randy Jackson – percussion
  • Terry Jackson – bass
  • Jimmy Jam – arranger, drum programming, drums, keyboards, percussion, producer, programming, synthesizer, synthesizer bass, synthesizer programming, vocal arrangement
  • Mortonette Jenkins – background vocals
  • Augie Johnson – background vocals
  • Craig Johnson – assistant technical director, engineer, technical director
  • Kandy Johnson – children's chorus, choir/chorus
  • Kimberly Johnson – children's chorus, choir/chorus
  • Louis Johnson – bass
  • Marcus Johnson – staff
  • Brian Jones – children's chorus, choir/chorus
  • Caryn Jones – children's chorus
  • Quincy Jones – producer, rhythm arrangements, synthesizer arrangements, vocal arrangement
  • Nathan Kaproff – orchestral coordinator
  • Suzie Katayama – conductor
  • R. Kelly – arranger, keyboards, producer, synthesizer, background vocals
  • Jacqueline Kennedy – liner notes
  • Randy Kerber – keyboards, synthesizer
  • Donn Landee – engineer
  • Christa Larson – background vocals
  • Julie Last – assistant engineer
  • Annie Leibovitz – artwork, photography
  • Jen Leigh – guitar
  • Jesse Levy – orchestral coordinator
  • Terry Lewis – arranger, drum programming, drums, keyboards, percussion, producer, programming, synthesizer, synthesizer bass, synthesizer programming, vocal arrangement
  • Becky Lopez – background vocals
  • Bryan Loren – drums, percussion, synthesizer bass, background vocals
  • Ron Lowe – assistant engineer
  • L.T.B. - rap, voiceover
  • Jeremy Lubbock – arranger, conductor
  • Steve Lukather – bass, guitar
  • Jonathan Mackey – piano
  • Brian Malouf – engineer
  • Johnny Mandel – arranger, string arrangements
  • Gregg Mangiafico – programming, synthesizer programming
  • Maurice La Marche – voiceover
  • Glen Marchese – assistant engineer
  • Anthony Marinelli – synthesizer programming
  • Gregory Martin – background vocals, voiceover
  • Jasun Martz – keyboards, synthesizer
  • Harry Maslin – engineer
  • Anna Mathias – background vocals, voiceover
  • Coi Mattison – children's chorus
  • Paul McCartney – duet vocals, vocal harmony
  • Michael McCary – background vocals
  • Linda McCrary – background vocals
  • Andres McKenzie – voiceover
  • Dawn McMillan – voiceover
  • Paulette McWilliams – background vocals
  • Daniel Medvedev – narrator
  • Jason Miles – programming, synthesizer programming
  • Jeff Mirinov – guitar
  • Peter Mokran – drum programming, engineer, programming, synthesizer programming
  • Nathan Morris – background vocals
  • Wanya Morris – background vocals
  • Wayne Nagin – staff
  • Carl Nappa – assistant engineer
  • David Nordahl – artwork, photography
  • The Notorious B.I.G. – guest artist, rap
  • David Nottingham – assistant engineer
  • Shaquille O'Neal – guest artist, rap
  • Gary Olazabal – engineer
  • Claudio Ordenes – engineer
  • David Paich – bass, keyboards, piano, rhythm arrangements, synthesizer, synthesizer arrangements
  • Marty Paich – conductor, orchestral arrangements
  • Chris Palmaro – synthesizer programming
  • Dean Parks – guitar
  • Paul Peabody – soloist, violin
  • Wayne Pedzwater – bass
  • Greg Phillinganes – fender rhodes, keyboards, rhythm arrangements, synthesizer, synthesizer bass
  • Tim Pierce – guitar
  • Scott Pittinsky – sound design, synthesizer programming
  • Jeff Porcaro – drums
  • Steve Porcaro – keyboards, orchestral realizations, programming, synthesizer, synthesizer programming
  • Crystal Pounds – children's chorus, choir/chorus
  • Guy Pratt – bass
  • Markita Prescott – soloist
  • Vincent Price – rap
  • Phil Proctor – background vocals
  • Phillip G. Proctor – voiceover
  • Trevor Rabin – guitar
  • Ronald Reagan – quotation author
  • William Frank "Bill" Reichenbach Jr. - horn, trombone
  • Rene – drums, keyboards, percussion, producer, synthesizer
  • Seth Riggs – vocal consultant
  • Teddy Riley – engineer, keyboards, mixing, producer, rhythm arrangements, synthesizer, synthesizer arrangements
  • Chris Roberts – assistant engineer
  • John Robinson – drums
  • John "J.R." Robinson – drums
  • Nile Rodgers – guitar
  • Matthew Rolston – artwork, photography
  • Bill Ross – conductor, orchestral arrangements
  • Darryl Ross – sound design, synthesizer programming
  • William Ross – conductor
  • Keith Rouster – bass
  • Thom Russo – technical director
  • Grace Rwaramba – staff
  • Annette Sanders – choir conductor
  • Andrew Scheps – drum programming, engineer, programming, sound effects, soundscape, synclavier programming, synthesizer programming
  • Arnie Schulze – programming, synthesizer programming
  • Seawind Horns – horn
  • Jamie Seyberth – assistant engineer
  • Scott "House" Shaffer – staff
  • Joshua Shapera – assistant engineer
  • Alan Shearman – background vocals, voiceover
  • Rick Sheppard – programming, synthesizer programming
  • Susan Silo – voiceover
  • Slash – guest artist, guitar
  • Greg Smith – keyboards, synthesizer
  • Jimmy Smith – hammond b3, organ (hammond), soloist
  • Rachel Smith – production coordination
  • Steven Spielberg – liner notes
  • Tracy Spindler – children's chorus, choir/chorus
  • Brandi Stewart – children's chorus, choir/chorus
  • Shawn Stockman – background vocals
  • Brad Sundberg – engineer, mixing, technical director
  • Gabriel Sutter – assistant engineer
  • Bruce Swedien – arranger, drums, effects, engineer, liner notes, mixing, percussion, producer, sound effects, soundscape, special effects
  • Roberta Swedien – sound design, synthesizer programming
  • Evvy Tavasci – assistant, executive administrator
  • Elizabeth Taylor – liner notes, quotation author
  • Jeff Taylor – assistant engineer
  • Rod Temperton – keyboards, rhythm arrangements, synthesizer, synthesizer arrangements, vocal arrangement
  • Chris Theis – assistant engineer
  • Michael Thompson – guitar
  • Jonathon Ungar – children's chorus
  • Eddie Van Halen – guest artist, guitar
  • John VanNest – engineer
  • Llyswen Vaughan – sample clearance
  • Suzy Vaughan – sample clearance
  • Stephan Vaughn – artwork, photography
  • Brian Vibberts – assistant engineer
  • Gerald Vinci – concert master
  • Diana Walczak – sculpture
  • Randy Waldman – keyboards, synthesizer
  • Stephen Walker – art direction
  • Ben Wallach – assistant engineer
  • Dan Wallin – engineer
  • Julia Waters – background vocals
  • Maxine Waters – background vocals
  • Oren Waters – background vocals
  • Bobby Watson – bass
  • Dave Way – engineer, mixing
  • Steven Paul Whitsitt – artwork, photography
  • Ed Wiesnieski – narrator
  • Chuck Wild – drums, keyboards, percussion, programming, sound design, sound effects, soundscape, synthesizer, synthesizer programming
  • Maxine Willard Waters – background vocals
  • Buddy Williams – drums, percussion
  • David Williams – guitar
  • Larry Williams – flute, horn, saxophone, synthesizer programming
  • Zedric Williams – background vocals
  • The Winans – background vocals
  • Hattie Winston – background vocals, voiceover
  • Colin Wolfe – bass
  • Bill Wolfer – keyboards, synthesizer, synthesizer programming
  • David "Hawk" Wolinski – fender rhodes
  • Ben Wright – string arrangements
  • James "Big Jim" Wright – organ, piano
  • Jimmy Wright – organ, piano
  • Charity Young – children's chorus, choir/chorus

Charts

Certifications and sales

Region CertificationCertified units/Sales
Argentina (CAPIF)[142] Platinum 60,000^
Australia (ARIA)[143] 8× Platinum 560,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[144] 2× Platinum 100,000*
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[145] Gold 100,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[146] 5× Platinum 500,000^
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[147] 5× Platinum 250,000^
Finland (Musiikkituottajat)[148] Platinum 61,352[148]
France (SNEP)[149] Diamond 1,675,000[150]*
Germany (BVMI)[151] 3× Platinum 1,500,000^
Italy (FIMI)[152] Gold 50,000*
Japan (RIAJ)[153] 2× Platinum 400,000^
Mexico (AMPROFON)[154] Gold 100,000^
Netherlands (NVPI)[155] 3× Platinum 300,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[156] Platinum 15,000^
Norway (IFPI Norway)[157] Platinum 50,000*
Poland (ZPAV)[158] Platinum 100,000*
South Korea 300,000[159][160]
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[161] 3× Platinum 300,000^
Sweden (GLF)[162] Platinum 100,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[163] 3× Platinum 150,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[164] 4× Platinum 1,200,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[165]
Greatest Hits: History Volume 1		 Gold 100,000^
United States (RIAA)[166] 8× Platinum 4,000,000^
United States (RIAA)[167]
Greatest Hits: History Volume 1		 Platinum 1,000,000^
Summaries
Europe (IFPI)[168] 6× Platinum 6,000,000*

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone

See also

References

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  4. 1 2  • 20–22 million sales: http://www.people.com/article/michael-jackson-history-album-20th-anniversary
     • 22 million: https://www.forbes.com/pictures/eeel45ejjfk/history-past-present-and-future-book-i-1995-2/
     • 20 million: http://content.time.com/time/interactive/0,31813,1908637,00.html
     • 20 million: https://books.google.com/books?id=mBRjfsqXvbsC&pg=PA25
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  130. ↑ "Årslista Album (inkl samlingar) – År 1996" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  131. ↑ "Swiss Year-end Charts 1996". Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  132. ↑ "End of Year Album Chart Top 100 - 1996". OCC. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  133. ↑ "1996 Year-end Charts" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  134. ↑ "ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Albums 1997". ARIA. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  135. ↑ "Jaaroverzichten 1997" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  136. ↑ "Rapports annueles 1997" (in French). Ultratop. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  137. ↑ "Jaaroverzichten - Album 1997" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  138. ↑ "Classement Albums - année 1997" (in French). SNEP. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  139. ↑ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts 1997" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  140. ↑ "Top Selling Albums of 1997". RIANZ. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  141. ↑ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts 2009" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  142. ↑ "Argentinian album certifications – Michael Jackson – HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I". Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
  143. ↑ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1997 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
  144. ↑ "Austrian album certifications – Michael Jackson – HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Enter Michael Jackson in the field Interpret. Enter HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I in the field Titel. Select album in the field Format. Click Suchen. 
  145. ↑ "Brazilian album certifications – Michael Jackson – HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I" (in Portuguese). Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
  146. ↑ "Canadian album certifications – Michael Jackson – HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I". Music Canada. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
  147. ↑ "Danish album certifications – Michael Jackson – HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I". IFPI Denmark. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Click on næste to go to page if certification is from the official website.
  148. 1 2 "Michael Jackson" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 2017-01-25.
  149. ↑ "French album certifications – Michael Jackson – HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
  150. ↑ "France Album Sales: Michael Jackson – Page 11 – ChartMasters". chartmasters.org.
  151. ↑ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Michael Jackson; 'HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
  152. ↑ "Italian album certifications – Michael Jackson – HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
  153. ↑ "Japanese album certifications – Michael Jackson – HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
  154. ↑ "Certificaciones" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Type Michael Jackson in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I in the box under TÍTULO
  155. ↑ "Dutch album certifications – Michael Jackson – HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Enter HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I in the "Artiest of titel" box.
  156. ↑ "NZ Top 40 Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  157. ↑ "Norwegian album certifications – Michael Jackson – HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
  158. ↑ "Polish album certifications – Michael Jackson – HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
  159. ↑ Korea Chart1, 1996-02-29
  160. ↑ Korea Sales, 1996-12-26
  161. ↑ "Spanish album certifications – Michael Jackson – HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I" (PDF) (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Select album under "Chart", enter the certification year in the field "Year". Select the certification month in the field "Semana". Click on "Search Charts".
  162. ↑ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1987−1998" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
  163. ↑ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Michael Jackson; 'HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
  164. ↑ "British album certifications – Michael Jackson – HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Select albums in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Type HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.
  165. ↑ "British album certifications – Michael Jackson – Greatest Hits - History Vol 1". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Select albums in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Type Greatest Hits - History Vol 1 in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.
  166. ↑ "American album certifications – Michael Jackson – HISTORY". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2014-10-26. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH. 
  167. ↑ "American album certifications – Michael Jackson – Greatest Hits: History Volume 1". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2014-10-26. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH. 
  168. ↑ "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 1996". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry.
Bibliography

  • George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection. Sony BMG.
  • Grant, Adrian (2009). Michael Jackson: The Visual Documentary. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84938-261-8.
  • Pratt, Douglas (2005). Doug Pratt's DVD: Movies, Television, Music, Art, Adult, and More!. UNET 2 Corporation. ISBN 1-932916-01-6.

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