Guided bone and tissue regeneration

Guided bone and tissue regeneration
MeSH D048091

Guided bone regeneration or GBR, and guided tissue regeneration or GTR are dental surgical procedures that use barrier membranes to direct the growth of new bone and gingival tissue at sites with insufficient volumes or dimensions of bone or gingiva for proper function, esthetics or prosthetic restoration.

GBR is similar to guided tissue regeneration (GTR) but is focused on development of hard tissues in addition to the soft tissues of the periodontal attachment. At present, guided bone regeneration is predominantly applied in the oral cavity to support new hard tissue growth on an alveolar ridge to allow stable placement of dental implants. Bone grafting used in conjunction with sound surgical technique, GBR is a reliable and validated procedure.Guided bone regeneration typically refers to ridge augmentation or bone regenerative procedures; guided tissue regeneration typically refers to regeneration of periodontal attachment. [1]

History

Use of barrier membranes to direct bone regeneration was first described in the context of orthopaedic research 1959.[2] The theoretical principles basic to guided tissue regeneration were developed by Melcher in 1976, who outlined the necessity of excluding unwanted cell lines from healing sites to allow growth of desired tissues.[3] Based on positive clinical results of regeneration in periodontology research in the 1980s, research began to focus on the potential for re-building alveolar bone defects using guided bone regeneration. The theory of Guided tissue regeneration has been challenged in dentistry. The GBR principle was first examined by Dahlin et al. in 1988 on rats. The selective ingrowth of bone-forming cells into a bone defect region could be improved if the adjacent tissue is kept away with a membrane; this was confirmed in a study by Kosopoulos and Karring in 1994. GBR can be used for bone regeneration on exposed implant coils .[4] Recent studies have shown greater attachment gain for guided tissue regeneration (GTR) over open flap debridement. However, this systematic review has shown that the outcomes following GTR are highly variable, both between and within studies. Therefore, patients and health professionals need to consider the predictability of the technique compared with other methods of treatment before making final decisions on use.[5]

Overview

Four stages are used to successfully regenerate bone and other tissues, abbreviated with the acronym PASS:[6]

  1. Primary closure of the wound to promote undisturbed and uninterrupted healing
  2. Angiogenesis to provide necessary blood supply and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
  3. Space creation and maintenance to facilitate space for bone in-growth
  4. Stability of the wound to induce blood clot formation and allow uneventful healing

Application

The first application of barrier membranes in the mouth occurred in 1982[7][8][9] in the context of regeneration of periodontal tissues via GTR, as an alternative to resective surgical procedures to reduce pocket depths.[6][10] Barrier membrane is utilized in GBR technique to cover the bone defect and create a secluded space, which prevents the connective tissue from growing into the space and facilitates the growth priority of bone tissue.

Barrier membrane criteria should be as follows:

  • Biocompatible
  • Excludes unwanted cell types
  • allow tissue integration
  • creates and maintains space
  • provided the structure is easy to trim and place[11]

Several surgical techniques via GBR have been proposed regarding the tri-dimensional bone reconstruction of the severely resorbed maxilla, using different types of bone substitutes that have regenerative, osseoinductive or osseoconductive properties which is then packed into the bony defect and covered by resorbable membranes. In cases where augmentation materials used are autografts or allografts the bone density is quite low and resorption of the grafted site in these cases can reach up to 30% of original volume. For higher predictability, nonresorbable titanium-reinforced d-polytetrafluoroethylene (d-PTFE) membranes—as a barrier against the migration of epithelial cells within the grafted site—are recommended. In patients with systemic problems interdisciplinary collaboration is indicated to adjust therapy background so that it does not adversely affect implanto-prosthetic treatment.[12] Current treatments for destructive periodontal

disease are not able to restore damaged bone and connective tissue support for teeth (infra-bony defects). There are limitations in treating patients with advanced disease but GTR may be able to achieve regeneration and therefore improve upon conventional surgical results.[13]

Two types of membranes based on the characteristics and resorbability.

Resorbable:

There are many different types of resorbable membranes out there but the main ones are synthetic polymers and natural biomaterials. Synthetic polymers are such that it is a polylactic acid bilayer, or the collagen-derived membranes. These membranes can be obtained from bovine or porcine or dermis. E.g. Emdogain which has been shown to significantly improve probing attachment levels (1.1mm) and periodontal pocket depth reduction (0.9mm) when compared to a placebo or control materials.[14] Resorption rates ranging from six to 24 weeks depending on its different chemical structures. With the resorbable membrane used, the membrane will bio-degrade. There is no need for a second surgery to remove the membrane, this will prevent any disruption to the healing process of the regenerated tissues.[11] A synthetic resorbable membrane indicated an amount of stable augmented bone similar to that of a collagen resorbable membrane. These are the results obtained based on a randomised clinical trial done to compare the stability of augmented bone between a synthetic resorbable membrane and a collagen membrane with guide bone regeneration simultaneous with dental implant placement in the aesthetic zone in terms of facial bone thickness.[15]

Indications

There are several uses of bone regeneration:

  • Fenestration and Dehiscence
  • building up bone around implants placed in tooth sockets after tooth extraction
  • socket preservation for future implantation of false teeth or prosthetics
  • Sinus Lift Elevation prior to implant placement
  • filling of bone after removing the root of a tooth, cystectomy or the removal of impacted teeth
  • repairing bone defects surrounding dental implant caused by peri-implantitis
  • Periodontal tissue regeneration following success of cleaning the root surface through root surface debridement (RSD)

Contraindication[16]

  • Smokers
  • Inadequate self-performed oral hygiene
  • Many sites of bony and tissue defects
  • Unable to achieve wound closure after surgery due to insufficient soft tissues
  • Severe furcation involvement i.e. grade 3

Potential complications[16]

  • Unsuccessful treatment procedure which can lead to recurrent defect
  • Post treatment infection
  • Barrier membrane worn away i.e. caused by traumatic toothbrushing
  • Vitality of tooth compromised in furcation involved teeth
  • Unfavourable gingival adaptation which can be of aesthetic concern
  • Dentine hypersensitivity
  • Require long term professional maintenance

See also

References

  1. ↑ PLarsen, Peter; G. E. Ghali (2004). Peterson's Principals of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Hamilton, Ont: B.C. Decker. ISBN 1-55009-234-0.
  2. ↑ Hurley LA, Stinchfield FE, Bassett AL, Lyon WH (October 1959). "The role of soft tissues in osteogenesis. An experimental study of canine spine fusions". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 41-A: 1243–54. PMID 13852565.
  3. ↑ Melcher AH (May 1976). "On the repair potential of periodontal tissues". J. Periodontol. 47 (5): 256–60. doi:10.1902/jop.1976.47.5.256. PMID 775048.
  4. ↑ Mützel W, Tillmann K, Gerhards E. "[Time of persistence of fluocortolone hexanoate in the knee-joint after intra-articular injection (author's transl)]". Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 104: 293–5. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1103897. PMID 761531.
  5. ↑ "Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects | Cochrane". doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001724.pub2.
  6. 1 2 Wang HL, Boyapati L (March 2006). ""PASS" principles for predictable bone regeneration". Implant Dent. 15 (1): 8–17. doi:10.1097/01.id.0000204762.39826.0f. PMID 16569956.
  7. ↑ Nyman S, Lindhe J, Karring T, Rylander H (July 1982). "New attachment following surgical treatment of human periodontal disease". J. Clin. Periodontol. 9 (4): 290–6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1982.tb02095.x. PMID 6964676.
  8. ↑ Gottlow J, Nyman S, Karring T, Lindhe J (September 1984). "New attachment formation as the result of controlled tissue regeneration". J. Clin. Periodontol. 11 (8): 494–503. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1984.tb00901.x. PMID 6384274.
  9. ↑ Gottlow J, Nyman S, Lindhe J, Karring T, Wennström J (July 1986). "New attachment formation in the human periodontium by guided tissue regeneration. Case reports". J. Clin. Periodontol. 13 (6): 604–16. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1986.tb00854.x. PMID 3462208.
  10. ↑ Perry R. Klokkevold; Newman, Michael C.; Henry H. Takei (2006). Carranza's Clinical Periodontology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2400-X.
  11. 1 2 Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. Lindhe, Jan., Lang, Niklaus Peter., Karring, Thorkild. (5th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard. 2008. ISBN 1405160993. OCLC 171258234.
  12. ↑ Horia Barbu, Monica Comăneanu, Mihai Bucur (Mar 2012). "Guided Bone Regeneration in severely resorbed maxilla". Rev. chir. oro-maxilo-fac. implantol. (in Romanian). 3 (1): 24–29. ISSN 2069-3850. 61. Retrieved 2012-08-30. (webpage has a translation button)
  13. ↑ Needleman, Ian; Worthington, Helen V; Giedrys-Leeper, Elaine; Tucker, Richard (2006-04-19). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001724.pub2. ISSN 1465-1858.
  14. ↑ Esposito, Marco; Grusovin, Maria Gabriella; Papanikolaou, Nikolaos; Coulthard, Paul; Worthington, Helen V (2009-10-07). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003875.pub3. ISSN 1465-1858.
  15. ↑ Arunjaroensuk, Sirida; Panmekiate, Soontra; Pimkhaokham, Atiphan (2017-10-13). "The Stability of Augmented Bone Between Two Different Membranes Used for Guided Bone Regeneration Simultaneous with Dental Implant Placement in the Esthetic Zone". The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants. doi:10.11607/jomi.5492. ISSN 1942-4434. PMID 29028848.
  16. 1 2 G. Bateman, S. Saha, I. L. C. Chapple (2007). Contemporary periodontal surgery: an illustrated guide to the art behind the science. London: Quintessence. ISBN 9781850971238.
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