Great Peacemaker

Great Peacemaker
  • Skennenrahawi
  • Deganawida (in special circumstances)
Onondaga, adopted Mohawk, or Huron orator and statesman
Personal details
Born 15th century[1][2]
Huron or Onondaga
Died 15th century[1][2]
Haudenosaunee

The Great Peacemaker (Skennenrahawi [skʌ̃.nʌ̃.ɾahawi] in Mohawk), sometimes referred to as Deganawida or Dekanawida (as a mark of respect, some Iroquois avoid using his personal name except in special circumstances) was by tradition, along with Jigonhsasee and Hiawatha, the founder of the Haudenosaunee, commonly called the Iroquois Confederacy. This is a political and cultural union of five Iroquoian-speaking Native American tribes residing in the present-day state of New York, northern Pennsylvania, and the Province of Eastern Ontario, Canada. The union created a powerful alliance of related Iroquoian peoples around the Great Lakes.

Historians believe the confederacy may have formed in the 15th century. In the early 18th century, the Tuscarora, also an Iroquoian-speaking people, migrated north from the Carolinas and joined the Confederacy as the sixth nation.

Background

The Great Peacemaker's name means "Two River Currents Flowing Together". Some of the numerous legends about the Great Peacemaker have conflicting information. It is reported that he was born a Huron, and by some accounts, his mother was a virgin, making the birth miraculous.[3] Others say he was born an Onondaga and later adopted by the Mohawk.[4]

Iroquois confederacy

Cohoes Falls in the 18th century AD by Pehr Kalm.

By all accounts, the Great Peacemaker was a prophet who counseled peace among the warring tribes, and he called for an end to ritual cannibalism. According to some legends, his first ally was Jigonhsasee.[4] She lent her home for the meeting of the leaders of the rival tribal nations. The Great Peacemaker's follower Hiawatha, an Onondaga renowned for his oratory, helped him achieve his vision of bringing the tribes together in peace.

According to the archaeologist Dean Snow, the Great Peacemaker converted Hiawatha in the territory of the Onondaga; he traveled alone to visit the Mohawk tribe who lived near what is now Cohoes, New York. Other traditional accounts hold that the Great Peacemaker consulted with Jigonhsasee about which tribal leaders to approach and she facilitated that meeting to create the confederacy.[4]

According to some legends, initially the Mohawk rejected the message of the Great Peacemaker, so he decided to perform a feat to demonstrate his purity and spiritual power. After climbing a tree high above Kahon:ios (Cohoes Falls), the Great Peacemaker told the Mohawk braves to chop the tree down. Many onlookers watched as the Great Peacemaker disappeared into the swirling rapids of the Mohawk River. They believed he had died but the next morning found him sitting near a campfire. Greatly impressed by the Great Peacemaker's miraculous survival, the Mohawk became the founding tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy.[3]

The tribes gathered at Onondaga Lake, where they planted a Tree of Peace and proclaimed the Great Binding Law of the Iroquois Confederacy.

Influence on the United States constitution

This confederacy influenced the United States Constitution and Anglo-American ideas of democracy. During the Albany congress of July 1754, Benjamin Franklin said of the Iroquois confederacy: "It would be a strange thing.. if six nations of ignorant savages should be capable of forming such a union, and yet it has subsisted for ages and appears indissolvable, and yet like a union should be impractical for 10 or a dozen English colonies."[5]

Dating

The dates Dekanawida lived, and thus the founding of the Confederacy, have not been identified with certainty. Historians and archeologists have researched an incident related in the oral history of the founding of the Confederacy. As recorded by later scholars, one account relates there was a violent conflict among the Seneca, who were the last Iroquois nation to join the confederacy as a founding member. Their violence stopped when the sun darkened and the day seemed to turn to night. Since 1902 scholars have studied the possibility that this event was a solar eclipse, as William Canfield suggested in his Legends of the Iroquois; told by "the Cornplanter" .[6] As scholars have learned more about the representation of natural events in oral histories, scholars into the 21st century have noted eclipses that could serve to date the founding of the Confederacy, in addition to the archeological evidence. Scholars referring to an eclipse have included (chronologically): Paul A. W. Wallace,[7] Elizabeth Tooker,[8] Bruce E. Johansen,[9][10] Dean R. Snow,[11] Barbara A. Mann and Jerry L. Fields,[12] William N. Fenton,[13] David Henige,[14] Gary Warrick,[1] and Neta Crawford.[2]

Since Canfield's first mention,[6] and the majority view,[7][8][11][13][1] scholars have widely supported a date of 1451 AD as being of a known solar eclipse and the likely founding date based on this oral account and other evidence. Some argue it is an insufficient fit for the description, and favor a date of 1142, when there was also a documented solar eclipse.[9][12] A few question dating the founding of the confederacy based on the mention of the eclipse.[14]

Archeological investigation has contributed to discussions about the founding date, as its evidence can be dated and correlated to natural events. In 1982 archeologist Dean Snow said that evidence from mainstream archeology did not support a founding of the confederacy for any dates of an eclipse before 1350 AD (thus ruling out the 1142 AD date.)[11] By 1998 Fenton considered an eclipse earlier than the 1451 AD majority view unlikely, but possible as long as it was after 1000 AD.[13] By 2007/8 reviews considered an 1142 AD eclipse as a possible point of reference, even if most scholars supported 1451 AD as the safe choice.[1][2]

Iroquois dominance

The Great Peacemaker established a council of clan and village chiefs to govern the confederacy. In each tribe, which had matrilineal kinship systems of descent and property-holding, power was shared between the sexes. Men held the positions of hereditary chiefs through their mother's line; clan mothers ruled on the fitness of chiefs and could depose of any that they opposed. Most decisions in council were made by consensus, to which each representative had an equal voice. Early anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan attributed the regional dominance achieved by the Iroquois to their superior organization and coordination compared to other tribes; George Hunt also thought there was a factor of economic determinism, with their need for furs for the European trade and their superior geographic position controlling most of central and western New York.[15] The oral laws and customs of the Great Law of Peace became the constitution of the Iroquois Confederacy, established by the 16th century or earlier.

Prophecy of the boy seer

The Great Peacemaker worked all his life to bring his vision to fruition. He prophesied that a "white serpent" would come to his people's lands and make friends with them, only to deceive them later. A "red serpent" would later make war against the "white serpent", but an Indian boy would be given a great power. He would be accepted as a chosen leader by the people of "the land of the hilly country." The boy stays neutral in the fight, and he speaks to the people, who number as the blades of grass, but he is heard by all. After a season, a "black serpent" would come and defeat both the "white" and "red serpents". According to the prophecy, when the people gathered under the elm tree become humble, all three "serpents" would be blinded by a light many times brighter than the sun. Deganawidah said that he would be that light. His nation would accept the "white serpent" into their safekeeping like a long-lost brother.[16]

Reverence by Native American Bahá'ís

Some members of the Bahá'í Faith have connected the signs of a Prophet, as described by Bahá'u'lláh (Prophet-founder of the Baha'i Faith), with the Peacemaker. As such, many Native American Bahá'ís in North America (and some non-Native) revere the Peacemaker as a Manifestation of God.[17]

In film

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Gary Warrick (2007). "Precontact Iroquoian Occupation of Southern Ontario". In Jordan E. Kerber. Archaeology of the Iroquois: Selected Readings and Research Sources. Syracuse University Press. pp. 124–163. ISBN 978-0-8156-3139-2.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Neta Crawford (15 April 2008). "The Long Peace among Iroquois Nations". In Kurt A. Raaflaub. War and Peace in the Ancient World. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 348–. ISBN 978-0-470-77547-9.
  3. 1 2 Nelson Greene, editor. "Chapter 9: Dekanawida and Hiawatha", History of the Mohawk Valley: Gateway to the West 1614-1925, Chicago: The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1925, at Schenectady Digital History Archive
  4. 1 2 3 https://www.aghines.com/anna_html_pages/peaceful/peacemaker.htm
  5. ↑ Times, Special To The New York (1987-06-28). "IROQUOIS CONSTITUTION: A FORERUNNER TO COLONISTS' DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  6. 1 2 William W. Canfield (1902). The Legends Of The Iroquois: Told By "The Cornplanter". A. Wessels Co. pp. 219–220.
  7. 1 2 Wallace, Paul A. W. (October 1948). "The Return of Hiawatha". New York History Quarterly Journal of the New York State Historical Association. XXIX (4): 385–403. JSTOR 23149546.
  8. 1 2 Elizabeth Tooker (1978). "The League of the Iroquois: Its History, Politics, and Ritual". In Sturtevant, William; Trigger, Bruce. Handbook of North American Indians. Government Printing Office. pp. 418–41. GGKEY:0GTLW81WTLJ.
  9. 1 2 Johansen, Bruce (1979). Franklin, Jefferson and American Indians: A Study in the Cross-Cultural Communication of Ideas (Thesis). University of Washington. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
  10. ↑ Bruce Elliott Johansen (January 1982). Forgotten Founders: How the American Indian Helped Shaped Democracy. Harvard Common Press. ISBN 978-0-916782-90-0.
  11. 1 2 3 Snow, Dean R. (September 1982). "Dating the Emergence of the League of the Iroquois: A Reconsideration of the Documentary Evidence" (PDF). Historical Archeology: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Rensselaerswijck Seminar. V: 139–144. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
  12. 1 2 Barbara A. Mann; Jerry L. Fields (1997). "A Sign in the Sky: Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee". American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 21 (4): 105–163. ISSN 0161-6463. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 William Nelson Fenton (1998). The Great Law and the Longhouse: A Political History of the Iroquois Confederacy. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-0-8061-3003-3.
  14. 1 2 Henige, David (1999). "Can a Myth Be Astronomically Dated?". American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 23 (4): 127–157. ISSN 0161-6463. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
  15. ↑ PAUL A. W. WALLACE, "THE RETURN OF HIAWATHA", New York History, Vol. 29, No. 4 (October, 1948), pp. 385-403, Published by: New York State Historical Association (subscription required), accessed 18 May 2015
  16. ↑ Buck, Christopher (1996). "Native Messengers of God in Canada? A test case for Baha'i universalism". The Bahá'í Studies Review. London: Association for Bahá'í Studies English-Speaking Europe: 97–132. Retrieved 2015-04-24.
  17. ↑ "Two Peacemakers: Bahá'u'lláh and Deganawidah". Willmette Institute. May 15, 2015. Archived from the original on May 15, 2015.

Further reading

  • Buck, Christopher (2015). "Deganawida, the Peacemaker". American Writers: A Collection of Literary Biographies. Farmington Hills, MI: Cengage Gale. XXVI: 81–100.
  • Gibson, John Arthur (1992). "Concerning the League: the Iroquois League as Dictated in Onondaga", newly elicited, edited and translated by Hanni Woodbury in collaboration with Reg Henry and Harry Webster on the basis of A.A. *Goldenweiser’s Manuscript. Memoir 9 (Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, Winnipeg).
  • Henry, Thomas R. (1955). Wilderness Messiah: the story of Hiawatha and the Iroquois. Bonanza Books, New York. ISBN 0-517-13019-X.
  • Mann, Charles C (2005). 1491 New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Alfred A. Knopf, New York. ISBN 978-1-4000-4006-3.
  • Sidis, W.J. (1982). The Tribes and the States. Wampanoag Nation.
  • Snow, Dean R. (2008). Archaeology of Native North America, New York: Prentice Hall.
  • Wallace, Paul A. W. (1979) [1966]. "Dekanahwideh (Deganawidah, the Heavenly Messenger")". In Brown, George Williams. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  • "Deganawidah" Infoplease, University of Liverpool
  • "Great Law of Peace", Six Nations.org
  • Peacemaker. Heritage Minute. Historica Canada.
  • The Great Peacemaker Deganawidah and his follower Hiawatha Theater play by Living Wisdom School
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