Great Bible

Great Bible
Title page of the 1539 edition.
Full name Great Bible
NT published 1525 (Tyndale Bible)
Complete Bible
published		 1539
Authorship Myles Coverdale
Textual basis Textus Receptus, Vulgate
Religious affiliation Protestant
In the begynnynge God created heauen and earthe. The earth was voyde and emptye: and darcknes was vpon the face of the depe: and the sprete of God moued vpon the face of the waters. And God sayde: let there be made lyght, and there was light made.
Genesis 1:1 in other translations
For God so loue the worlde, that, he gaue is only begotten sonne, that whosoeuer beleueth in him, shulde not perisshe, but haue euerlastyng lyfe.
John 3:16 in other translations

The Great Bible of 1539 was the first authorized edition of the Bible in English, authorized by King Henry VIII of England to be read aloud in the church services of the Church of England. The Great Bible was prepared by Myles Coverdale, working under commission of Thomas, Lord Cromwell, Secretary to Henry VIII and Vicar General. In 1538, Cromwell directed the clergy to provide "one book of the bible of the largest volume in English, and the same set up in some convenient place within the said church that ye have care of, whereas your parishioners may most commodiously resort to the same and read it."

The Great Bible includes much from the Tyndale Bible, with the objectionable features revised. As the Tyndale Bible was incomplete, Coverdale translated the remaining books of the Old Testament and Apocrypha from the Latin Vulgate and German translations, rather than working from the original Greek, Hebrew and Aramaic texts. Although called the Great Bible because of its large size, it is known by several other names as well: the Cromwell Bible, since Thomas Cromwell directed its publication; Whitchurch's Bible after its first English printer; the Chained Bible, since it was chained to prevent removal from the church. It has less accurately been termed Cranmer's Bible, since although Thomas Cranmer was not responsible for the translation, a preface by him appeared in the second edition.[1]

Sources and history

The Tyndale New Testament had been published in 1525, followed by his English version of the Pentateuch in 1530; but both employed vocabulary, and appended notes, that were unacceptable to English churchmen, and to the King. Tyndale's books were banned by royal proclamation in 1530, and Henry then held out the promise of an officially authorised English Bible being prepared by learned and catholic scholars. In 1534, Thomas Cranmer sought to advance the King's project by press-ganging ten diocesan bishops to collaborate on an English New Testament, but most delivered their draft portions late, inadequately, or not at all. By 1537 Cranmer was saying that the proposed Bishops' Bible would not be completed until the day after Doomsday.

The King was becoming impatient with the slow progress, especially in view of his conviction that the Pilgrimage of Grace had been substantially exacerbated due to the rebels' exploitation of popular religious ignorance. With the bishops showing no signs of completing their task, Cromwell obtained official approval for the Matthew Bible as an interim measure in 1537, the year of its publication under the pseudonym "Thomas Matthew", actually John Rogers.[2][3] Cromwell had helped to fund the printing of this version.[4] The Matthew Bible combined the New Testament of William Tyndale, and as much of the Old Testament as Tyndale had been able to translate before being put to death the prior year for "heresy." By 1538, it was compulsory for all churches to own a Bible in accordance with Thomas Cromwell’s Injunctions.[5][6]

Coverdale based the Great Bible on Tyndale's work, but removed the features objectionable to the bishops. He translated the remaining books of the Old Testament using mostly the Latin Vulgate and German translations.[7] Coverdale's failure to translate from the original Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts gave impetus to the Bishops' Bible.

The Great Bible's New Testament revision is chiefly distinguished from Tyndale's source version by the interpolation of numerous phrases and sentences found only in the Vulgate. For example, here is the Great Bible's version of Acts 23:24–25 (as given in The New Testament Octapla[8]):

24 And delyver them beastes, that they maye sett Paul on, and brynge hym safe unto Felix the hye debyte (For he dyd feare lest happlye the Jewes shulde take hym awaye and kyll hym, and he hym selfe shulde be afterwarde blamed, as though he wolde take money,) 25 and he wrote a letter after thys maner.

— Acts 23:24-25, Great Bible (The New Testament Octapla)

The non-italicized portions are taken over from Tyndale without change, but the italicized words, which are not found in the Greek text translated by Tyndale, have been added from the Latin. (The added sentence can also be found, with minor verbal differences, in the Douai-Rheims New Testament.) These inclusions appear to have been done to make the Great Bible more palatable to conservative English churchmen, many of whom considered the Vulgate to be the only legitimate Bible.

The psalms in the Book of Common Prayer of 1662 continue to be taken from the Great Bible rather than the King James Bible.

In 1568, the Great Bible was superseded as the authorised version of the Anglican Church by the Bishops' Bible. The last of over 30 editions of the Great Bible appeared in 1569.[9]

Printing

Miles Coverdale and Richard Grafton went over to Paris and put the work into the hands of the French printer, Regnault, with the countenance of Bonner, then (Bishop Elect of Hereford and) British Ambassador at Paris. There was constant fear of the Inquisition. Coverdale packed off a large quantity of the finished work through Bonner to Cromwell, and just when this was done, the officers of the Inquisition came on the scene. Coverdale and Grafton made their escape. A large quantity of the printed sheets were sold as waste paper to a haberdasher, who resold them to Cromwell's agents, and they were, in due course, sent over to London. Cromwell bought the type and presses from Regnault and secured the services of his compositors[10].

The first edition[11] was a run of 2,500 copies that were begun in Paris in 1539. Much of the printing was done at Paris, and after some misadventures where the printed sheets were seized by the French authorities on grounds of heresy (since relations between England and France were somewhat troubled at this time), the publication was completed in London in April 1539.[7]

It went through six subsequent revisions between 1540 and 1541. The second edition of 1540, included a preface by Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, recommending the reading of the scriptures. (Cranmer’s preface was also included in the front of the Bishops' Bible.)

Seven editions of the Great Bible were published in quick succession.[12]

1. 1539, April - Printed in Paris and London by Richard Grafton & Edward Whitchurch.
2. 1540, April - Printed in London by Richard Grafton & Edward Whitchurch, includes Archbishop Thomas Cranmer's preface, and the Apocryphal Books were interspersed among the Canonical Books of the Old Testament.
3. 1540, July - Printed in London by Richard Grafton & Edward Whitchurch, includes Archbishop Cranmer's preface with Cromwell's shield defaced on the title page
4. 1540, November — Printed in London by Richard Grafton & Edward Whitchurch, with the title page of 1541, and includes Archbishop Cranmer's preface..
5. 1541, May - Printed in London by Edward Whitchurch, includes Archbishop Cranmer's preface.
6. 1541, November - Printed in London by Edward Whitchurch, includes Archbishop Cranmer's preface.
7. 1541, December - Printed in London by Edward Whitchurch, includes Archbishop Cranmer's preface.

More than 9,000 copies of the Great Bible were printed by 1541.

8. 1549, ________ - Printed in London by Edward Whitchurch.[13]

9. "In 1568, the Great Bible was superseded as the authorised version of the Anglican Church by the Bishops’ Bible. The last of over 30 editions of the Great Bible appeared in 1569."[14]
A version of Cranmer's Great Bible can be found included in the English Hexapla, produced by Samuel Baxter & Sons in 1841. However copies of this work are fairly rare.

The most available reprinting of the Great Bible's New Testament (minus its marginal notes) can be found in the second column of the New Testament Octapla edited by Luther Weigle, chairman of the translation committee that produced the Revised Standard Version.[15]

Language

The language of the Great Bible marks the advent of Early Modern English. Moreover, this variant of English is pre Elizabethan. The text, which was regularly read in the parish churches, helped to standardize and stabilize the language across England. Some of the readings of the First Authorized Version of the Bible differ from the more familiar 1611 edition, the Third Authorized Version. For example, the commandment against adultery in the Great Bible reads, "Thou shalt not breake wedlocke."[16]

Aftermath

The later years of Henry VIII indeed were marked by serious reaction. In 1542 Convocation with the royal consent made an attempt thwarted by Cranmer to Latinize the English version and to make it in reality what the Romish version of Rheims subsequently became. In the following year Parliament which then practically meant the King and two or three members of the Privy Council restricted the use of the English Bible to certain social classes that excluded nine tenths of the population and three years later it prohibited the use of everything but the Great Bible. It was probably at this time that there took place the great destruction of all previous work on the English Bible which has rendered examples of that work so scarce. Even Tunstall and Heath were anxious to escape from their responsibility in lending their names to the Great Bible. In the midst of this reaction Henry VIII died January 28 1547.[17]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Pollard, Alfred W (2003), "Biographical Introduction", The Holy Bible (1611, King James Version ed.), Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, ISBN 1-56563-160-9 .
  2. ↑ https://books.google.ca/books?id=2AXp3GFGYXwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Matthew%27s+bible+Rogers&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjP27iZ9qfVAhVq7IMKHQPIBPAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Matthew's%20bible%20Rogers&f=false, p=ix
  3. ↑ https://books.google.ca/books?id=OFWnDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Matthew%27s+bible+John+Rogers&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiF9dDl9qfVAhXi7oMKHWXPCCcQ6AEIQjAF#v=onepage&q=Matthew's%20bible%20John%20Rogers&f=false, p=33
  4. ↑ https://books.google.ca/books?id=2AXp3GFGYXwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=thomas+cromwell+++matthew+bible+great+bible&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDxMve46fVAhUf8YMKHSTPBosQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=thomas%20cromwell&f=false
  5. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Cranmer-archbishop-of-Canterbury
  6. ↑ https://books.google.ca/books?id=JPEMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA851&dq=Cromwell%27s+Injunctions+1538&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwip1cTM9afVAhUs5IMKHeggCaMQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=Cromwell's%20Injunctions%201538&f=false, p=851
  7. 1 2 Kenyon, Sir Frederick G (1909). Hastings, James, ed. Dictionary of the Bible. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  8. ↑ Weigle, Luther Allen, ed. (1962). The New Testament octapla; eight English versions of the New Testament in the Tyndale-King James tradition. Edited by Luther A. Weigle. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons. LCCN 62010331. Retrieved July 24, 2014. [The eight English translations of the entire N.T. included (on quarter portions of facing pages) are those of the Bibles in English known as Tyndale's, Great Bible, Geneva Bible, Bishops' Bible, Douay-Rheims (the original Rheims N.T. thereof being included), Great Bible, Authorized "King James", Revised Version, and Revised Standard Version.]
  9. ↑ Herbert, Arthur Sumner; Darlow, Thomas Herbert; Moule, Horace Frederick (1968). Historical Catalogue of Printed Editions of the English Bible, 1525–1961. London; New York: British and Foreign Bible Society; American Bible Society. pp. 127–129. ISBN 0564001309.
  10. ↑ SOURCE: ENGLISH BIBLE VERSIONS: A TERCENTENARY MEMORIAL OF THE KING JAMES VERSION, FROM THE NEW YORK BIBLE AND COMMON PRAYER BOOK SOCIETY Established A. D. 1809, BY THE REV. HENRY BARKER, M.A., NEW YORK L1m1ted EdItIon Issued for the Society by EDWIN S. GORHAM, Publisher A. D. 1911, Page 112
  11. ↑ Herbert, Darlow & Moule 1968, p. 46.
  12. ↑ ENGLISH BIBLE VERSIONS: A TERCENTENARY MEMORIAL OF THE KING JAMES VERSION, FROM THE NEW YORK BIBLE AND COMMON PRAYER BOOK SOCIETY Established A. D. 1809, BY THE REV. HENRY BARKER, M.A., NEW YORK L1m1ted EdItIon Issued for the Society by EDWIN S. GORHAM, Publisher A. D. 1911
  13. ↑ Paltsits, Victor H. “The American Journal of Theology.” The American Journal of Theology, vol. 5, no. 1, 1901, pp. 128–130. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3153362.
  14. ↑ The Great Bible, Deskarati (http://deskarati.com/2011/09/19/the-great-bible)
  15. ↑ Weigle 1962.
  16. ↑ Exodus 20:1-17
  17. ↑ The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia, Volume 2, Edited by James Orr, Chicago: 1915, page 949. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  • Freeman, Arthur (December 12, 2007), "The gospel according to Henry VIII", The Times literary supplement External link in |newspaper= (help) .
  • Kenyon, Sir Frederic G (1909), "Great Bible", in Hastings, Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, Bible researcher .
  • The Great Bible of 1540 in PDF @ Internet Archive
  • The Great Bible Online
  • The Great Bible of 1541 Turn the Page Facsimile
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