German federal election, 1912

German federal election, 1912

12 January 1912 (1912-01-12)
All 397 seats in the Reichstag 199 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	84.9%
First party Second party Third party   Leader August Bebel & Hugo Haase Georg von Hertling Ernst Bassermann Party SPD Centre NLP Leader since 21 November 1892 & 1911 1909 1898 Last election 43 seats 105 seats 54 seats Seats won 110 91 45 Seat change 67 14 9 Popular vote 4,250,400 1,996,800 1,662,700 Percentage 34.8% 16.4% 13.6% Swing 5.8% 3.0% 0.9%   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Ernst von Heydebrand und der Lasa Otto Fischbeck Ferdynand Radziwiłł Party KP FVP PP Leader since 1911 6 March 1910 1889 Last election 60 seats 49 seats[1] 20 seats Seats won 43 42 18 Seat change 17 7 2 Popular vote 1,126,300 1,497,000 441,600 Percentage 9.2% 12.3% 3.6% Swing 0.2% 1.4% 0.3%
Results of the 1912 Reichstag election.
President of the Reichstag before election Hans Graf von Schwerin-Löwitz KP Elected President of the Reichstag Johannes Kaempf FVP

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Federal elections were held in Germany on 12 January 1912.^[2] Although the Social Democratic Party (SPD) had received the most votes in every election since 1890, they had never won the most seats, and in the 1907 elections they had won fewer than half the seats of the Centre Party despite receiving over a million more votes.^[3] However, this election saw the party win more than double the number of votes of the second-placed Centre Party and become the largest party, winning 110 of the 397 seats.^[4]

The party breakdown in the newly elected Reichstag made possible a majority coalition of groups hostile or ambivalent to the ruling elites of the German Empire – the Social Democrats, the Centre Party, and the left-liberal Progressives between them commanded a majority. The effects of this possibility would be seen with the vote of no confidence in the government of Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg over the Saverne Affair in 1913 and the Reichstag Peace Resolution of 1917. Nonetheless, the Centre and the Progressives were unwilling to act consistently in opposition, leaving the government largely free to do as it wished.

Some historians, such as Fritz Fischer have theorized that the First World War was partially a result of the strategy of the conservative Prussian Junkers to deal with this result.^[5] In an attempt to increase support for conservative parties and policies, to distract the population from the SPD they hoped to drum up patriotism in an external conflict with Russia or another east European state such as Serbia.

Georges Weill, the SPD candidate who won Metz in this election, defected to France at the start of World War I.

Results

^a Figures for votes are rounded.^[2]

References