Gauloises

Gauloises

Product type	Cigarette
Owner	Imperial Tobacco, Reemtsma (Germany only)
Country	France
Introduced	1910 (1910)
Markets	See Markets
Tagline	"Liberté toujours" ("Freedom forever")

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Gauloises (pronounced [ɡo.lwaz]), "Gaul women" in French ("cigarette" is feminine in French), is a brand of cigarette of French manufacture. It is produced by the company Imperial Tobacco following its acquisition of Altadis in January 2008 in most countries, but produced and sold by Reemtsma in Germany.

History

Gauloises was launched in 1910. Traditional Gauloises were short, wide, unfiltered and made with dark tobaccos from Syria and Turkey which produced a strong and distinctive aroma. The brand is most famous for its cigarettes' strength, especially in its original unfiltered version. Forty years later, filtered Gauloises cigarettes debuted. In 1984, the Gauloises brand was expanded to include a light, American-type tobacco with a filter. The original non-filter, Gauloises Caporal, have been discontinued and replaced with Gauloises Brunes, which are also filterless but less strong. Gauloises Brunes have low tar and nicotine levels, because of European tobacco laws, but the tobacco is still dark and strong-tasting. As of 2018, the Gauloises cigarettes are produced in Poland after the last manufacturing plant in Riom, Puy-de-Dôme closed its doors in the end of 2017.^[1][2]

Between the World Wars the smoking of Gauloises in France was considered patriotic and an affiliation with French "heartland" values. The brand was associated with the cigarette-smoking poilu (a slang term for the French infantryman in the trenches) and the resistance fighters during the Vichy Regime.^[3] Their slogan was "Liberté toujours" (Freedom forever). George Orwell tells of how he "squandered two francs fifty on a packet of Gaulois Bleu" in his 1933 book Down and Out in Paris and London.^[4] In 1939-40 some packets of cigarettes were given a distinctive "troop brand".^[5]

Two packets of Gauloises vertes (nicotine-free), with an espresso

In March 1954 SEITA launched the "Gauloise Disque Bleu" brand, with CEO Pierre Grimanelli proud of the new packaging that would, he argued, increase sales.^[6][7]

The brand was also linked to high-status and inspirational figures representing the worlds of art (e.g. Pablo Picasso) and the intellectual elite (e.g. Jean-Paul Sartre,^[8] Albert Camus and Jean Baudrillard^[9]). In popular music, for example French pianist and composer Maurice Ravel, American singer Jim Morrison and British Beatles icon John Lennon.^[10]

American artist Robert Motherwell used Gauloises packets and cartons in many collages, including an extensive series with the packets surrounded by bright red acrylic paint, often with incised lines in the painted areas.^[11][12] In the introduction to his 2015 book Robert Motherwell, The Making of an American Giant, gallery owner Bernard Jacobson says, "Motherwell smoked Lucky Strikes, but in his collage life he smokes Gauloises, around whose blue packets he now organises one composition after another, 'exotic to me precisely because in the normal course of things I don't smoke French cigarettes'." And by incorporating Gauloises packets he makes deft and condensed allusion to "French blue": to the Mediterranean and the palette of Matisse . . . to the smoke coiling up in a Cubist assemblage."^[13][14]

Henri Charrière, French author and convict, repeatedly references the smoking of Gauloises in his autobiography Papillon. This, together with the romantic associations of France, made Gauloises a popular brand among some writers and artists: in practically every story and novel written by Julio Cortázar set in Paris, the protagonists smoke Gauloises. John Lennon was a noted smoker of Gauloises Bleues. Frank O'Hara in his poem "The Day Lady Died" writes of going to "the tobacconist in the Ziegfeld Theatre" in New York and casually asking "for a carton of Gauloises." Smoking Gauloises is also mentioned in the teen series Gossip Girl. D/Sgt Mort Cooperman smokes Gauloises in several mystery novels by Richard "Kinky" Friedman.^[15] Smoking Gauloises was also promoted as a contribution to the national good: a portion of the profits from their sale was paid to the Régie Française des Tabacs, a semi-governmental corporation charged with controlling the use of tobacco, especially by minors, and directing its profits towards socially beneficial causes. The designers of the traditional Gauloise packet reinforced national identity by selecting a peculiarly French shade of blue (like the blues later used in the work of French artist Yves Klein).

John Frusciante, former guitarist of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, smoked Gauloises, as noted in the book Scar Tissue by friend and bandmate Anthony Kiedis. During his time at Marlborough College in the early 1960s English singer-songwriter Nick Drake would enjoy smoking Disque Blue cigarettes with his friend Jeremy Mason, in the High Street of the town.^[16]

In July 2016, the French government considered a ban on both the Gauloises and Gitanes cigarette brands because they were deemed "too stylish and cool". The ban would also apply to brands including Marlboro Gold, Vogue, Lucky Strike and Fortuna. It is the result of a new public health law based on a European directive that says tobacco products "must not include any element that contributes to the promotion of tobacco or give an erroneous impression of certain characteristics". Four major tobacco companies have written to the government seeking clarification on the potential law, calling for an urgent meeting to discuss the details of the plan. In the letter they accuse French health minister Marisol Touraine of an "arbitrary and disproportionate" application of EU directives.^{[17][18][19][20][21]}

Legal problems

The cigarette was manufactured by SEITA but 1999 proved to be a landmark year. The legal difficulties crystallised when a French health insurance fund filed a 51.33 million franc ($57.87 million) lawsuit against four cigarette companies, including SEITA, to cover the estimated and continuing costs of treating the illnesses linked to cigarette smoking. This was followed by an action filed by the family of a deceased heavy smoker and the French state health insurer, Caisse Primaire d'Assurance Maladie, claiming compensation for the cost of the deceased's medical treatment and for producing a dangerous and addictive product. Consequently, brand management was assigned to Altadis, with joint French and Spanish ownership, and this company continued manufacture and international distribution until its acquisition by Imperial Tobacco.

On 30 October 2007 the Criminal Chamber of the French Supreme Court ruled against SEITA, accusing it of having signed a partnership agreement with the organisers of the 2000–2002 Francofolies Festivals for the use of visual brand elements of Gauloises Blondes.^[22]

Sport sponsorship

The Yamaha YZR-M1 of Valentino Rossi used in the 2004 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season on display.

In popular culture

The brand appears in Roman Polanski's 1976 psychological thriller The Tenant,^[29] the 2006 Algerian film Days of Glory and in John le Carré's book Smiley's People. Gauloises are also the cigarettes smoked by Bruce Willis in the 1988 film Die Hard. There is pack of Gauloises on Harry Palmer's bedside table in the 1965 spy film The Ipcress File. They were also his brand of choice in the original novels by Len Deighton.^[30]. Susanna smokes Gauloises in the 1999 film Girl, Interrupted; in a scene where someone compliments her on the box she replies: "Thanks, they're French. The French Resistance smoked them, I think."^[31]

Markets

Gauloises is mainly sold in France, but also was or still is sold in Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Greece, Poland, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Tunisia, Egypt, Madagascar, Israel, United Arab Emirates, Thailand, Mexico and Argentina.^{[32][33][34][35]}

See also

• Cigarette
• Gitanes
• Tabac de Troupe at French Wikipedia fr:Tabac de troupe

References

External links

• Gauloises and Gitanes exit France