Freedom in the World

Country ratings from Freedom House's Freedom in the World 2018 survey, concerning the state of world freedom in 2017[1]
  Free   Partially Free   Not Free
   Countries designated "electoral democracies" in Freedom House's 2017 survey "Freedom in the World", covering the year 2016[2]

Freedom in the World is a yearly survey and report by the U.S.-based[3] non-governmental organization Freedom House that measures the degree of civil liberties and political rights in every nation and significant related and disputed territories around the world.

Origin and use

Freedom in the World was launched in 1973 by Raymond Gastil. It produces annual scores representing the levels of political rights and civil liberties in each state and territory, on a scale from 1 (most free) to 7 (least free). Depending on the ratings, the nations are then classified as "Free", "Part(ial)ly Free", or "Not Free".[4] The report is often used by researchers in order to measure democracy and correlates highly with several other measures of democracy such as the Polity data series.[5]

The Freedom House rankings are widely reported in the media and used as sources by political researchers. Their construction and use has been evaluated by critics and supporters.[6]

Country rankings

The rankings below are from the Freedom in the World 2010,[7] 2011,[8] 2012,[9] 2013,[10] 2014,[11] 2015,[12] 2016,[13] 2017[14] and 2018[15] surveys, each reflecting findings covering the previous year. Each pair of political rights and civil liberties ratings is averaged to determine an overall status of "Free" (1.0–2.5), "Part(ial)ly Free" (3.0–5.0), or "Not Free" (5.5–7.0).[16]

An asterisk (*) indicates countries which are "electoral democracies". To qualify as an "electoral democracy", a state must have satisfied the following criteria:

  1. A competitive, multiparty political system;
  2. Adult suffrage for all citizens without criminal convictions (some states may further punish and subjugate people with criminal convictions by disenfranchising them from the democratic process);
  3. Regularly contested elections conducted in conditions of ballot secrecy, reasonable ballot security, and the absence of massive voter fraud that yields results that are unrepresentative of the public will; and
  4. Significant public access of major political parties to the electorate through the media and through generally open political campaigning.

An electoral democracy must have a score of 7 or more out of 12 in political rights subcategory A (Electoral Progress), an overall aggregate score of 20 in their political rights rating and an overall aggregate score of 30 in their civil liberties rating.[17]

Freedom House's term "electoral democracy" differs from "liberal democracy" in that the latter also implies the presence of a substantial array of civil liberties. In the survey, all Free countries qualify as both electoral and liberal democracies. By contrast, some Partly Free countries qualify as electoral, but not liberal, democracies.[16]

World

*: Electoral democracies (as described above), PR: Political Rights, CL: Civil Liberties
  2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Country PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free
 Afghanistan66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not56Not
 Albania*33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly
 Algeria65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not
 Andorra*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Angola65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not66Not66Not66Not
 Antigua and Barbuda*32Free32Free32Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 Argentina*22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 Armenia64Partly64Partly64Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly
 Australia*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Austria*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Azerbaijan65Not65Not65Not65Not66Not66Not76Not76Not76Not
 Bahamas*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Bahrain65Not65Not66Not66Not66Not76Not76Not76Not76Not
 Bangladesh34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly
 Barbados*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Belarus76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not66Not
 Belgium*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Belize*12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free
 Benin*22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 Bhutan45Partly45Partly45Partly45Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly
 Bolivia*33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly
 Bosnia and Herzegovina*43Partly43Partly43Partly33Partly33Partly43Partly43Partly44Partly44Partly
 Botswana*32Free32Free32Free32Free32Free32Free32Free32Free32Free
 Brazil*22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 Brunei65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not
 Bulgaria*22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 Burkina Faso*53Partly53Partly53Partly53Partly53Partly63Partly43Partly43Partly43Partly
 Burundi45Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly65Not76Not76Not76Not
 Cambodia65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not
 Cameroon66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not
 Canada*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Cape Verde*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Central African Republic55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not
 Chad76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not
 Chile*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 China76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not
 Colombia*34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly33Partly33Partly
 Comoros*34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly
Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo, Democratic Republic of66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not76Not76Not
Republic of the Congo Congo, Republic of65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not75Not75Not
 Costa Rica*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Croatia*12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free
 Cuba76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not
 Cyprus*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Czech Republic*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Denmark*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Djibouti55Partly65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not
 Dominica*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Dominican Republic*22Free22Free22Free22Free23Free23Free33Partly33Partly33Partly
 East Timor*34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly23Free
 Ecuador*33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly34Partly33Partly
 Egypt65Not65Not65Not55Partly65Not65Not65Not65Not66Not
 El Salvador*23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free
 Equatorial Guinea77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not
 Eritrea77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not
 Estonia*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Ethiopia55Partly66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not76Not76Not76Not
 Fiji*64Partly64Partly64Partly64Partly64Partly34Partly33Partly34Partly33Partly
 Finland*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 France*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free12Free12Free
 Gabon65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not75Not
 Gambia55Partly55Partly65Not66Not66Not66Not76Not66Not45Partly
 Georgia*44Partly43Partly43Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly
 Germany*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Ghana*12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free
 Greece*12Free12Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 Grenada*12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free
 Guatemala*44Partly44Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly
 Guinea76Not55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly
 Guinea-Bissau44Partly44Partly44Partly65Not65Not55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly
 Guyana*23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free
 Haiti45Partly45Partly45Partly45Partly45Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly
 Honduras44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly
 Hungary*11Free11Free12Free12Free12Free22Free22Free32Free32Free
 Iceland*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 India*23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free
 Indonesia*23Free23Free23Free23Free24Partly24Partly24Partly24Partly24Partly
 Iran66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not
 Iraq56Not56Not56Not66Not56Not66Not56Not56Not56Not
 Ireland*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Israel*12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free13Free
 Italy*12Free12Free11Free21Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Ivory Coast65Not76Not66Not55Partly54Partly54Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly
 Jamaica*23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free
 Japan*12Free12Free12Free12Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Jordan65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not55Partly55Partly
 Kazakhstan65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not75Not75Not
 Kenya44Partly43Partly43Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly
 Kiribati*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Kosovo54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly44Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly
 Kuwait44Partly45Partly45Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly
 Kyrgyzstan65Not55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly
 Laos76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not
 Latvia*21Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free12Free22Free
 Lebanon53Partly53Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly64Partly
 Lesotho*33Partly33Partly33Partly23Free23Free23Free33Partly33Partly33Partly
 Liberia*34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly33Partly
 Libya77Not77Not76Not45Partly45Partly66Not66Not76Not76Not
 Liechtenstein*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free21Free21Free
 Lithuania*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Luxembourg*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Macedonia33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly43Partly43Partly43Partly43Partly
 Madagascar*64Partly64Partly64Partly64Partly54Partly44Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly
 Malawi*34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly
 Malaysia44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly
 Maldives34Partly34Partly34Partly54Partly44Partly44Partly45Partly55Partly55Partly
 Mali23Free23Free23Free75Not54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly
 Malta*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Marshall Islands*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Mauritania65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not
 Mauritius*12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free
 Mexico*23Free33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly
Federated States of Micronesia Micronesia*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Moldova*34Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly
 Monaco*21Free21Free21Free21Free21Free21Free21Free31Free31Free
 Mongolia*22Free22Free22Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free
 Montenegro*32Free32Free32Free32Free32Free32Free33Partly33Partly33Partly
 Morocco54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly55Partly
 Mozambique43Partly43Partly43Partly43Partly43Partly43Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly
 Myanmar77Not77Not76Not65Not65Not66Not65Not55Partly55Partly
 Namibia*22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 Nauru*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free12Free22Free22Free22Free
   Nepal*44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly
 Netherlands*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 New Zealand*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Nicaragua44Partly44Partly54Partly54Partly43Partly43Partly43Partly54Partly54Partly
 Niger54Partly54Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly44Partly44Partly
 Nigeria54Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly45Partly45Partly35Partly35Partly
 North Korea77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not
 Norway*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Oman65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not
 Pakistan45Partly45Partly45Partly45Partly45Partly45Partly45Partly45Partly45Partly
 Palau*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Panama*12Free12Free12Free12Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 Papua New Guinea*43Partly43Partly43Partly43Partly33Partly43Partly43Partly33Partly33Partly
 Paraguay*33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly
 Peru*23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free23Free
 Philippines*43Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly
 Poland*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free12Free12Free
 Portugal*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Qatar65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not
 Romania*22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 Russia65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not66Not66Not76Not76Not
 Rwanda65Not65Not65Not66Not65Not66Not66Not66Not66Not
 Saint Kitts and Nevis*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free21Free11Free11Free
 Saint Lucia*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines*21Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Samoa*22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 San Marino*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 São Tomé and Príncipe*22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 Saudi Arabia76Not76Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not
 Senegal*33Partly33Partly33Partly23Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 Serbia*22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free32Free32Free
 Seychelles*33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly
 Sierra Leone*33Partly33Partly33Partly23Free33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly
 Singapore54Partly54Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly
 Slovakia*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Slovenia*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Solomon Islands*43Partly43Partly43Partly43Partly43Partly33Partly33Partly32Free32Free
 Somalia77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not
 South Africa*22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 South Korea*12Free12Free12Free12Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 South Sudan77Not77Not65Not65Not66Not76Not76Not77Not77Not
 Spain*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Sri Lanka*44Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly55Partly44Partly34Partly34Partly
 Sudan77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not
 Suriname*22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free23Free23Free22Free
 Swaziland75Not75Not75Not75Not75Not75Not75Not75Not76Not
 Sweden*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
  Switzerland*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Syria76Not76Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not
 Taiwan*12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free12Free11Free11Free
 Tajikistan65Not65Not65Not66Not66Not66Not76Not76Not76Not
 Tanzania*43Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly34Partly34Partly44Partly
 Thailand54Partly54Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly65Not65Not65Not65Not
 Togo54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly
 Tonga*53Partly33Partly33Partly32Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 Trinidad and Tobago*22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 Tunisia*75Not75Not34Partly34Partly33Partly13Free13Free13Free23Free
 Turkey33Partly33Partly33Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly45Partly56Not
 Turkmenistan77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not
 Tuvalu*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Uganda54Partly54Partly54Partly54Partly64Partly65Not65Not65Not64Partly
 Ukraine*32Free33Partly43Partly43Partly43Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly33Partly
 United Arab Emirates65Not65Not66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not76Not
 United Kingdom*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 United States*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free21Free
 Uruguay*11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free11Free
 Uzbekistan77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not
 Vanuatu*22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free
 Venezuela54Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly55Partly65Not65Not
 Vietnam75Not75Not75Not75Not75Not75Not75Not75Not75Not
 Yemen65Not65Not66Not66Not66Not66Not76Not76Not76Not
 Zambia34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly34Partly44Partly44Partly
 Zimbabwe66Not66Not66Not66Not56Not56Not55Partly55Partly65Not

Sub-Saharan Africa

Key: * - Electoral democracies (as described above), PR - Political Rights, CL - Civil Liberties, Free Status: Free, Partly Free, Not Free
  2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Country PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free
 Angola 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not
 Benin* 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 Botswana* 3 2 Free 3 2 Free 3 2 Free 3 2 Free 3 2 Free 3 2 Free 3 2 Free 3 2 Free 3 2 Free
 Burkina Faso* 5 3 Partly 5 3 Partly 5 3 Partly 5 3 Partly 5 3 Partly 6 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly
 Burundi 4 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 6 5 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not
 Cameroon 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not
 Cape Verde* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Central African Republic 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not
 Chad 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not
 Comoros* 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly
Republic of the Congo Congo, Republic of 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 5 Not
Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo, Democratic Republic of 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not
 Ivory Coast* 6 5 Not 7 6 Not 6 6 Not 5 5 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly
 Djibouti 5 5 Partly 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not
 Equatorial Guinea 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not
 Eritrea 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not
 Ethiopia 5 5 Partly 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not
 Gabon 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 7 5 Not
 Gambia 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 6 5 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 7 6 Not 6 6 Not 4 5 Partly
 Ghana* 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free
 Guinea 7 6 Not 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly
 Guinea-Bissau 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly
 Kenya* 4 4 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly
 Lesotho* 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Liberia* 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Madagascar* 6 4 Partly 6 4 Partly 6 4 Partly 6 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly
 Malawi* 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Mali 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 7 5 Not 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly
 Mauritania 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not
 Mauritius* 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free
 Mozambique 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly
 Namibia* 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 Niger 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly
 Nigeria* 5 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 3 5 Partly 3 5 Partly
 Rwanda 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 6 Not 6 5 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not
 São Tomé and Príncipe* 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 Senegal* 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 2 3 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 Seychelles* 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Sierra Leone* 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 2 3 Free 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Somalia 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not
 South Africa* 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 South Sudan 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not
 Sudan 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not
 Swaziland 7 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 6 Not
 Tanzania* 4 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 4 4 Partly
 Togo 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly
 Uganda 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 6 4 Partly 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 4 Partly
 Zambia 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly
 Zimbabwe 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 5 6 Not 5 6 Not 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 6 5 Not

Americas

Key: * - Electoral democracies (as described above), PR - Political Rights, CL - Civil Liberties, Free Status: Free, Partly Free, Not Free
  2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Country PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free
 Antigua and Barbuda* 3 2 Free 3 2 Free 3 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 Argentina* 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 Bahamas* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Barbados* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Belize* 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free
 Bolivia* 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Brazil* 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 Canada* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Chile* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Colombia* 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Costa Rica* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Cuba 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not
 Dominica* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Dominican Republic* 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Ecuador* 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 3 Partly
 El Salvador* 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free
 Grenada* 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free
 Guatemala* 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly
 Guyana* 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free
 Haiti 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly
 Honduras 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly
 Jamaica* 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free
 Mexico* 2 3 Free 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Nicaragua 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly
 Panama* 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 Paraguay* 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Peru* 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free
 Saint Kitts and Nevis* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 2 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Saint Lucia* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines* 2 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Suriname* 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 2 Free
 Trinidad and Tobago* 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 United States* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 2 1 Free
 Uruguay* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Venezuela 5 4 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 6 5 Not 6 5 Not

Asia-Pacific

Key: * - Electoral democracies (as described above), PR - Political Rights, CL - Civil Liberties, Free Status: Free, Partly Free, Not Free
  2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Country PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free
 Afghanistan 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 5 6 Not
 Australia* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Bangladesh* 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly
 Bhutan* 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly
 Brunei 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not
 Cambodia 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not
 China 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not
 East Timor* 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 2 3 Free
 Fiji* 6 4 Partly 6 4 Partly 6 4 Partly 6 4 Partly 6 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 3 Partly
 India* 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free
 Indonesia* 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 3 Free 2 4 Partly 2 4 Partly 2 4 Partly 2 4 Partly 2 4 Partly
 Japan* 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Kiribati* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 North Korea 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not
 South Korea* 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 Laos 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not
 Malaysia 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly
 Maldives 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly
 Marshall Islands* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
Federated States of Micronesia Micronesia* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Mongolia* 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free
 Myanmar 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 6 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 6 Not 6 5 Not 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly
 Nauru* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
   Nepal* 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly
 New Zealand* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Pakistan* 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly
 Palau* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Papua New Guinea* 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Philippines* 4 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Samoa* 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 Singapore 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly
 Solomon Islands* 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 2 Free 3 2 Free
 Sri Lanka* 4 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 5 Partly 4 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly
 Taiwan* 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Thailand 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not
 Tonga* 5 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 Tuvalu* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Vanuatu* 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 Vietnam 7 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 5 Not

Eurasia

Key: * - Electoral democracies (as described above), PR - Political Rights, CL - Civil Liberties, Free Status: Free, Partly Free, Not Free
  2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Country PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free
 Armenia 6 4 Partly 6 4 Partly 6 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly
 Azerbaijan 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not
 Belarus 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 6 6 Not
 Georgia* 4 4 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Kazakhstan 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 5 Not
 Kyrgyzstan 6 5 Not 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly
 Moldova* 3 4 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Russia 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not
 Tajikistan 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not
 Turkmenistan 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not
 Ukraine* 3 2 Free 3 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Uzbekistan 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not

Europe

Key: * - Electoral democracies (as described above), PR - Political Rights, CL - Civil Liberties, Free Status: Free, Partly Free, Not Free
  2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Country PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free
 Albania* 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Andorra* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Austria* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Belgium* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Bosnia and Herzegovina* 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly
 Bulgaria* 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 Croatia* 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free
 Cyprus* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Czech Republic* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Denmark* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Estonia* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Finland* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 France* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free
 Germany* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Greece* 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 Hungary* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 3 2 Free 3 2 Free
 Iceland* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Ireland* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Italy* 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 1 Free 2 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Kosovo* 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly
 Latvia* 2 1 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 1 2 Free 2 2 Free
 Liechtenstein* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 2 1 Free 2 1 Free
 Lithuania* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Luxembourg* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Macedonia 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly
 Malta* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Monaco* 2 1 Free 2 1 Free 2 1 Free 2 1 Free 2 1 Free 2 1 Free 2 1 Free 3 1 Free 3 1 Free
 Montenegro* 3 2 Free 3 2 Free 3 2 Free 3 2 Free 3 2 Free 3 2 Free 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly
 Netherlands* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Norway* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Poland* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free
 Portugal* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Romania* 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 San Marino* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Serbia* 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 3 2 Free 3 2 Free
 Slovakia* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Slovenia* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Spain* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Sweden* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
  Switzerland* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free
 Turkey 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 3 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 4 5 Partly 5 6 Not
 United Kingdom* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 1 Free

Middle East and North Africa

Note: The Middle East countries of Turkey, Cyprus, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia can be found in the "Europe" and "Eurasia" sections of Freedom House's Freedom in the World report.

Key: * - Electoral democracies (as described above), PR - Political Rights, CL - Civil Liberties, Free Status: Free, Partly Free, Not Free
  2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Country PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free
 Algeria 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not
 Bahrain 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not
 Egypt 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 5 5 Partly 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 6 Not
 Iran 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 5 6 Not
 Iraq 5 6 Not 5 6 Not 5 6 Not 6 6 Not 5 6 Not 6 6 Not 5 6 Not 5 6 Not 5 6 Not
 Israel* 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 3 Free
 Jordan 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly
 Kuwait 4 4 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly
 Lebanon 5 3 Partly 5 3 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 6 4 Partly
 Libya 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 6 Not 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not
 Morocco 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 4 Partly 5 5 Partly
 Oman 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not
 Qatar 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not
 Saudi Arabia 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not
 Syria 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not
 Tunisia* 7 5 Not 7 5 Not 3 4 Partly 3 4 Partly 3 3 Partly 1 3 Free 1 3 Free 1 3 Free 2 3 Free
 United Arab Emirates 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 7 6 Not
 Yemen 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not
Key: † - Related territory, ‡ - Disputed territory, PR - Political Rights, CL - Civil Liberties, Free Status: Free, Partly Free, Not Free
  2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Country PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free PR CL Free
 Abkhazia‡ (Georgia) 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly
 Crimea‡ (Ukraine/Russia) 3 2 Free 3 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 4 3 Partly 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not
 Gaza Strip‡ (PA) 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not
 Hong Kong† (China) 5 2 Partly 5 2 Partly 5 2 Partly 5 2 Partly 5 2 Partly 5 2 Partly 5 2 Partly 5 2 Partly 5 2 Partly
 Jammu and Kashmir‡ (India) 4 4 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly 4 4 Partly
 Azad Kashmir‡ (Pakistan) 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not
 Nagorno-Karabakh‡ (Azerbaijan) 5 5 Partly 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly
 Northern Cyprus‡ (Cyprus)* 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free 2 2 Free
 Puerto Rico† (United States)* 1 1 Free 1 1 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 2 Free 1 1 Free[18]
 Somaliland‡ (Somalia) 5 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 4 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 5 5 Partly 4 5 Partly
 South Ossetia‡ (Georgia) 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 6 Not
 Tibet ‡ (China) 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not
 Transnistria‡ (Moldova) 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not 6 6 Not
 West Bank‡ (PA) 6 6 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 6 5 Not 7 5 Not 7 5 Not
 Western Sahara‡ (Morocco) 7 6 Not 7 6 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not 7 7 Not

According to Freedom House, a quarter of all declines of freedom in the world in 2016 took place in Europe.[19]

Percentage of countries in each category, from the 1973 through 2014 reports:

1973–2014

  Not Free
  Partly Free
  Free

Year
 Free
 Partly
Free
 Not
Free
 Electoral
Democracies
197541 (27%)48 (32%)63 (41%)—
198051 (32%)54 (33%)56 (35%)—
198553 (32%)59 (35%)55 (33%)—
199061 (37%)44 (26%)62 (37%)69 (41%)
199576 (40%)61 (32%)54 (28%)113 (59%)
200085 (44%)60 (31%)47 (25%)120 (63%)
200589 (46%)54 (28%)49 (26%)119 (62%)
201089 (46%)58 (30%)47 (24%)116 (60%)
201187 (45%)60 (31%)47 (24%)115 (59%)
201287 (45%)60 (31%)48 (25%)117 (60%)
201390 (46%)58 (30%)47 (24%)117 (60%)
201488 (45%)59 (30%)48 (25%)122 (63%)
201589 (46%)55 (28%)51 (26%)125 (64%)
201686 (44%)59 (30%)50 (26%)125 (64%)
201787 (45%)59 (30%)49 (25%)123 (63%)

Sources: Country Status and ratings overview 1973–2016,[20] Number and percentages of electoral democracies 1989–2016,[21] Freedom in the World 2018 report covering 2017.[22]

Notes:

  • The years shown in the map and table above are the year the survey was released, the data shown covers the prior calendar year.
  • The chart and table above do not include data for related/disputed territories.

Evaluation

There is some debate over the neutrality of Freedom House and the methodology used for the Freedom in the World report, which has been written by Raymond D. Gastil and his colleagues.[4] The neutrality and biases of human-rights indices have been discussed in several publications by Kenneth A. Bollen.[23] Bollen wrote that "Considered together these criticisms suggest that some nations may have been incorrectly rated on Gastil's measures. However, none of the criticisms have demonstrated a systematic bias in all the ratings. Most of the evidence consists of anecdotal evidence of relatively few cases. Whether there is a systematic or sporadic slant in Gastil's ratings is an open question" (Bollen, 1986, p. 586).[4] The freedom index of Freedom in the World has a very strong and positive (at least an 80%) correlation with three other democracy-indices studied in Mainwaring (2001, p. 53).[24]

Ideological bias or neutrality

In his 1986 study, Bollen discussed reviews of measurements of human rights, including the index reported in Freedom in the World (Bollen, 1986, p. 585). Criticisms of Freedom in the World during the 1980s were discussed by Gastil (1990), who stated that "generally such criticism is based on opinions about Freedom House rather than detailed examination of survey ratings", a conclusion disputed by Giannone.[25] The definition of Freedom in Gastil (1982) and Freedom House (1990) emphasized liberties rather than the exercise of freedom, according to Adam Przeworski, who gave the following example: In the United States, citizens are free to form political parties and to vote, yet even in presidential elections only half of U.S. "citizens" vote; in the U.S., "the same two parties speak in a commercially sponsored unison", wrote Przeworski (2003, p. 277).[6]

More recent charges of ideological bias prompted Freedom House to issue this 2010 statement:

Freedom House does not maintain a culture-bound view of freedom. The methodology of the survey is grounded in basic standards of political rights and civil liberties, derived in large measure from relevant portions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These standards apply to all countries and territories, irrespective of geographical location, ethnic or religious composition, or level of economic development.[16]

Mainwaring et alia (2001, p. 52)[24] wrote that Freedom House's index had "two systematic biases: scores for leftist were tainted by political considerations, and changes in scores are sometimes driven by changes in their criteria rather than changes in real conditions." Nonetheless, when evaluated in Latin American countries yearly, Freedom House's index was very strongly and positively correlated with the index of Adam Przeworski and with the index of the authors themselves: They evaluated Pearson's coefficient of linear correlation between their index and Freedom House's index, which was 0.82; among these indices and the two others studied, the correlations were all between 0.80 and 0.86 (Mainwaring et alia, 2001, p. 53).[24]

As previously quoted, Bollen criticized previous studies of Freedom in the World as anecdotal and inconclusive; they raised issues needing further study by scientific methods rather than anecdotes.[4] Bollen studied the question of ideological bias using multivariate statistics. Using their factor-analytic model for human-rights measurements, Bollen and Paxton estimate that Gastil's method produces a bias of -0.38 standard deviations (s.d.) against Marxist–Leninist countries and a larger bias, +0.5 s.d., favoring Christian countries; similar results held for the methodology of Sussman (Bollen and Paxton, 2000, p. 585).[26] In contrast, another method by a critic of Freedom in the World produced a bias for Leftist countries during the 1980s of at least +0.8 s.d., a bias that is "consistent with the general finding that political scientists are more favorable to leftist politics than is the general population" (Bollen and Paxton, p. 585).[26]

Use and conceptual analysis

Criticisms of the reception and uses of the Freedom in the World report have been noted by Diego Giannone:[27]

  • "Conceptual stretching", Giovanni Sartori's critical term for a methodological shortcoming common in social studies.[28] Giannone reports as an example that, according to Landman and Hausermann (2003), "the index by FH has been used as a tool for measuring democracy, good governance, and human rights, thus producing a conceptual stretching which is a major cause of 'losses in connotative precision': in short, an instrument used to measure everything, in the end, is not able to discriminate against anything."[29]
  • Issues with aggregation. Giannone quotes Scoble and Wiseberg's conclusion (1981) that "the sum of a civil liberty score of 4 and a political liberty score of 2 is the same as the sum of a civil liberty score of 2 and a political liberty score of 4 even though the substantive interpretation of these different combinations is different."[30]
  • "Lack of specificity and rigorousness in construction" and "inadequate level of transparency and replicability of the scales", the first referencing to Scoble et alie (1981) and the latter to Hadenius and Teorell (2005).[31] In support of the latter, he also quotes the conclusion of Munck and Verkuilen (2002) that "the aggregate data offered by Freedom House has to be accepted largely on faith",[32] due to the factors that "no set of coding rules is provided, and the sources of information are not identified with enough precision, and because disaggregated data have not been made available to independent scholars".[31]

Time series

In "Political and ideological aspects in the measurement of democracy: the Freedom House case" (2010) which reviewed changes to the methodology since 1990, Diego Giannone concluded that "because of the changes in methodology over time and the strict interconnection between methodological and political aspects, the FH data do not offer an unbroken and politically neutral time series, such that they should not be used for cross-time analyses even for the development of first hypotheses. The internal consistency of the data series is open to question."[33]

On this topic, the Freedom House website replies that they have "made a number of modest methodological changes to adapt to evolving ideas about political rights and civil liberties. At the same time, the time series data are not revised retroactively, and any changes to the methodology are introduced incrementally in order to ensure the comparability of the ratings from year to year."[16]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Freedom in The World 2018 by Freedom House, January 5, 2018
  2. ↑ Freedom in The World 2017 – Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy by Freedom House, January 31, 2017
  3. ↑ William Ide (11 January 2000). "Freedom House Report: Asia Sees Some Significant Progress". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Bollen, K.A., "Political Rights and Political Liberties in Nations: An Evaluation of Human Rights Measures, 1950 to 1984", Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 8, no. 4 (November 1986), pp.567–591. Also in: Jabine, T.B. and Pierre Claude, R. (Eds.), Human Rights and Statistics, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992, pp. 188–215, ISBN 0-8122-3108-2.
  5. ↑ “Correlation Versus Interchangeability: the Limited Robustness of Empirical Finding on Democracy Using Highly Correlated Data Sets", Gretchen Casper and Claudiu Tufis, Political Analysis, 11:2 (2003), pp. 196–203, Society for Political Methodology
  6. 1 2 Przeworski, Adam (2003). "Freedom to choose and democracy". Economics and Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. 19: 265–279. doi:10.1017/S0266267103001159.
  7. ↑ Freedom in the World 2010: Tables and Graphs Archived 15 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine., Freedom House, 8 January 2010, 12 pp.
  8. ↑ "Tables, Graphs, and Other Supporting Documents" Archived 8 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine., Freedom in the World 2011, Freedom House, 13 January 2011.
  9. ↑ Freedom in the World 2012, Freedom House, 10 January 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  10. ↑ Freedom in the World 2013, Freedom House.
  11. ↑ Freedom in the World 2014, Freedom House, 24 January 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  12. ↑ Freedom in the World 2015, Freedom House, 28 January 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  13. ↑ "Freedom in the World 2016" (PDF). Freedom House. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  14. ↑ "Freedom in the World 2017" (PDF). Freedom House. 31 January 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  15. ↑ "Freedom in the World 2018 – Table of Country Scores". Freedom House.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Freedom in the World 2010: Methodology", Freedom in the World 2010, Freedom house
  17. ↑ "Freedom in the World 2018 Methodology".
  18. ↑ Puerto Rico *. Retrieved from https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/puerto-rico
  19. ↑ Freedom House (2017). Freedom in the World, 2017 (PDF). Freedom House. p. 1. Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017. [N]early one-quarter of the countries registering declines in 2016 were in Europe.
  20. ↑ "Country Status and ratings overview", Freedom In the World 1973–2016, Freedom House. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  21. ↑ "Number and percentages of electoral democracies", Freedom In the World 1973–2016, Freedom House. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  22. ↑ Freedom In the World 2018, Freedom House.
  23. ↑ Bollen has held chairs as a Distinguished Professor of Sociology and the Director of the Howard W. Odum Institute for Research in Social Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH). Also serving as an Adjunct Professor of Statistics at UNC-CH, Bollen wrote the leading graduate textbook in structural equation models (SEM), often called LISREL models; SEM modeling allows the summary of a large number of measurements using a small number of meaningful factors. SEM was used by Bollen in the studies reported hereafter.
  24. 1 2 3 Mainwaring, S.; Brinks, D.; Pérez-Liñán, A.B. (2001). "Classifying Political Regimes in Latin". Studies in Comparative International Development. 36 (1): 37–65. doi:10.1007/BF02687584.
  25. ↑ Gastil, R.D. (1990). "The Comparative Survey of Freedom: Experiences and Suggestions". Studies in Comparative International Development. 25 (1): 25–50. doi:10.1007/BF02716904.
  26. 1 2 Bollen, Kenneth A. and Paxton, Pamela, "Subjective Measures of Liberal Democracy", Comparative Political Studies, vol. 33, no. 1 (February 2000), pp. 58–86
  27. ↑ Giannone, Diego, "Political and ideological aspects in the measurement of democracy: the Freedom House case", Democratization, vol. 17, no. 1 (February 2010), pp. 68–97.
  28. ↑ "Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics." The American Political Science Review 64 (4): 1033–1053.
  29. ↑ Giannone (2010), p. 69. Quoting Landman, Tod, and Julia Hausermann, Map-Making and Analysis of the Main International Initiatives on Developing Indicators on Democracy and Good Governance Archived 13 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine., Final Report, University of Essex – Human Rights Centre, July 2003, 98 pp.
  30. ↑ Scoble, Harry and Laurie Wiseberg, Ved Nanda, Ved, James Scarritt, and George Shepherd (eds) (1981), "Problems of Comparative Research in Human Rights", Global Human Rights: Public Policies, Comparative Measures and NGO Strategies, pp. 147–171, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, ISBN 978-0-89158-858-0. Cited in Giannone (2010), p. 69.
  31. 1 2 Giannone (2010), p. 69, citing Scoble, et al. (1981) and Axel Hadenius and Jan Teorell. "Assessing Alternative Indices of Democracy", Political Concepts, Committee on Concepts and Methods, Working Paper Series, August 2005, 47 pp.
  32. ↑ Munck, Gerardo L. and Verkuilen, Jay, "Conceptualising and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices", Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, no. 1 (February 2002), pp. 5–34. Cited in Giannone (2010), p. 69.
  33. ↑ Giannone (2010), p. 68.

References

  • Bollen, Kenneth A. (1991), Inkeles, Alex, ed., "On measuring democracy: Its consequences and concomitants (Chapter 1, Political democracy: Conceptual and measurement traps)", Proceedings of the Conference on Measuring Democracy, 27–28 May 1988, Hoover Institution, Stanford University (second printing, 1993 ed.), New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transactions Publishers, pp. 3–20, ISBN 0-88738-881-7
  • Bollen, Kenneth; Paxton, Pamela; Morishima, Rumi (June 2005). "Assessing international evaluations: An example from USAID's Democracy and Governance Programs" (pdf). American Journal of Evaluation. 26 (2): 189–203. doi:10.1177/1098214005275640. Evaluation performed on behalf of the Social Science Research Council (SSRC), at the request of and with funding from the Strategic and Operational Research Agenda (SORA) of USAID (Office of Democracy and Governance in the Bureau for Democracy, Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance), according to the National Research Council (2008, p. 28).
  • Gastil, Raymond Duncan (1991), Inkeles, Alex, ed., "On measuring democracy: Its consequences and concomitants (Chapter 2, The comparative survey of freedom: Experiences and suggestions)", Proceedings of the Conference on Measuring Democracy, 27–28 May 1988, Hoover Institution, Stanford University (second printing, 1993 ed.), New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A.: Transactions Publishers, pp. 21–46, ISBN 0-88738-881-7
  • Inkeles, Alex, ed. (1991), "On measuring democracy: Its consequences and concomitants (Part I: Measuring democratic political systems)", Proceedings of the Conference on Measuring Democracy, 27–28 May 1988, Hoover Institution, Stanford University (second printing, 1993 ed.), New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transactions Publishers, pp. 1–121, ISBN 0-88738-881-7
  • National Research Council, Committee on Evaluation of USAID Democracy Assistance Programs (2008). Goldstone, Jack A, ed. Improving democracy assistance: Building knowledge through evaluations and research. pp. xvi+336. ISBN 0-309-11736-4. Individuals can download the complete report (pdf format) for private use.
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