Felicia Hemans

Felicia Hemans
Born (1793-09-25)25 September 1793
Liverpool, Lancashire, England, Great Britain
Died 16 May 1835(1835-05-16) (aged 41)
Dublin, County Dublin, Ireland, UK
Occupation Poet
Nationality British
Period Late Romantic
Genre Poetry

Felicia Dorothea Hemans (25 September 1793 – 16 May 1835) was an English poet. Two of her opening lines, The boy stood on the burning deck and The stately homes of England, have acquired classic status.

Ancestry

Felicia Hemans' paternal grandfather was George Browne of Passage, County Cork, Ireland; her maternal grandparents were Benedict Paul Wagner (1718–1806), wine importer at 9 Wolstenholme Square, Liverpool, Lancashire, and Elizabeth Haydock Wagner (d. 1814) of Lancashire. Family legend gave the Wagners a Venetian origin; family heraldry an Austrian one. The Wagners' country address was North Hall near Wigan; they sent two sons to Eton College. Of three daughters, only Felicity married; her husband George Browne joined his father-in-law's business and succeeded him as Tuscan and imperial consul in Liverpool.[1]

Early life and works

118 Duke Street, Liverpool, birthplace of Felicia Hemans

Felicia Dorothea Browne was the fourth of six Browne children (three boys and three girls) to survive infancy. Of her two sisters, Elizabeth died about 1807 at the age of eighteen and Harriett Mary Browne (1798–1858) married first the Revd T. Hughes, then the Revd W. Hicks Owen. Harriett collaborated musically with Felicia and later edited her complete works (7 vols. with memoir, 1839). Her eldest brother, Lt-Gen. Sir Thomas Henry Browne KCH (1787–1855), had a distinguished career in the army; her second brother, George Baxter CB, served in the Royal Welch Fusiliers 23rd Foot and became a magistrate at Kilkenny in 1830 and Chief Commissioner of Police in Ireland in 1831; and her third brother, Claude Scott Browne (1795–1821), became Deputy Assistant Commissary-General in Upper Canada.[1]

Felicia was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, a granddaughter of the Venetian consul in that city. Her father's business soon brought the family to Denbighshire in North Wales, where she spent her youth. They made their home at Gwrych near Abergele and later at Bronwylfa, St. Asaph (Flintshire), and it is clear that she came to regard herself as Welsh by adoption, later referring to Wales as "Land of my childhood, my home and my dead". Her first poems, dedicated to the Prince of Wales, were published in Liverpool in 1808, when she was only fourteen, arousing the interest of no less a person than Percy Bysshe Shelley, who briefly corresponded with her. She quickly followed them up with "England and Spain" [1808] and "The domestic affections", published in 1812, the year of her marriage to Captain Alfred Hemans, an Irish army officer some years older than herself. The marriage took her away from Wales, to Daventry in Northamptonshire until 1814.

During their first six years of marriage, Felicia gave birth to five sons, including engineer G. W. Hemans and Charles Isidore Hemans, and then the couple separated. Marriage had not, however, prevented her from continuing her literary career, with several volumes of poetry being published by the respected firm of John Murray in the period after 1816, beginning with "The Restoration of the Works of Art to Italy" (1816) and "Modern Greece" (1817). "Tales and Historic Scenes" was the collection which came out in 1819, the year of their separation.

Later life

From 1831 onwards, she lived in Dublin, where her younger brother had settled, and her poetic output continued. Her major collections, including The Forest Sanctuary (1825), Records of Woman and Songs of the Affections (1830) were immensely popular, especially with female readers. Her last books, sacred and profane, are the substantive Scenes and Hymns of Life and National Lyrics, and Songs for Music. She was by now a well-known literary figure, highly regarded by contemporaries such as Wordsworth, and with a popular following in the United States and the United Kingdom. When she died of dropsy, Wordsworth and Walter Savage Landor composed memorial verses in her honor. She is buried in St. Ann's Church, Dawson Street.

Legacy

Felicia Hemans

Felicia Hemans's works appeared in nineteen individual books during her lifetime. After her death in 1835, they were republished widely, usually as collections of individual lyrics and not the longer, annotated works and integrated series that made up her books. For surviving women poets, like Briton's Caroline Norton and Letitia Elizabeth Landon, America's Lydia Sigourney and Frances Harper, the French Amable Tastu and German Annette von Droste-Hülshoff and others, she was a valued model, or (for Elizabeth Barrett Browning) a troubling predecessor; and for male poets including Tennyson and Longfellow, an influence less acknowledged. To many readers she offered a woman's voice confiding a woman's trials; to others, a lyricism apparently consonant with Victorian chauvinism and sentimentality. Among the works, she valued most were the unfinished "Superstition and Revelation" and the pamphlet "The Sceptic," which sought an Anglicanism more attuned to world religions and women's experiences. In her most successful book, Records of Woman (1828), she chronicles the lives of women, both famous and anonymous.

Hemans's poem The Homes of England (1827) is the origin of the phrase stately home, referring to an English country house. The first line of the poem runs, "The Stately Homes of England".

Despite her illustrious admirers, her stature as a serious poet gradually declined, partly due to her success in the literary marketplace. Her poetry was considered morally exemplary, and was often assigned to schoolchildren; as a result, Hemans came to be seen a poet for children rather than taken seriously on the basis of her entire body of work. A jocular reference by Saki in "The Toys of Peace" suggests simultaneously that she was a household name and that Saki did not take her seriously. Schoolchildren in the U.S. were still being taught "The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in New England" ("The breaking waves dashed high/On a stern and rock-bound coast...") in the middle of the 20th century. But by the 21st century, "The Stately Homes of England" refers to Noël Coward's parody, not to the once-famous poem it parodied, and Felicia Hemans was remembered popularly for her poem, "Casabianca".

However, her critical reputation has been re-examined in recent years. Her work has resumed a role in standard anthologies and in classrooms and seminars and literary studies, especially in the U.S. It is likely that further poems will be familiar to new readers, such as "The Image in Lava," "Evening Prayer at a Girls' School," "I Dream of All Things Free," "Night-Blowing Flowers," "Properzia Rossi," "A Spirit's Return," "The Bride of the Greek Isle," "The Wife of Asdrubal," "The Widow of Crescentius," "The Last Song of Sappho," and "Corinne at the Capitol."

Casabianca

Portrait of Felicia Dorothea Hemans c.1820

First published in August 1826 the poem Casabianca (also known as The Boy stood on the Burning Deck)[2] by Felicia Hemans depicts Captain Louis de Casabianca and his 12-year-old son, Giocante, who both perished aboard the ship Orient during the Battle of the Nile. The poem was very popular from the 1850s on and was memorized in elementary schools for literary practice. Other poetic figures such as Elizabeth Bishop and Samuel Butler allude to the poem in their own works.

"'Speak, father!' once again he cried / 'If I may yet be gone!' / And but the booming shots replied / And fast the flames rolled on."[3]

The poem is sung in ballad form (abab) and consists of a boy asking his father whether he had fulfilled his duties, as the ship continues to burn after the magazine catches fire.

Martin Gardner, Michael R. Turner, and others wrote modern day parodies that were much more upbeat and consisted of boys stuffing their faces with peanuts and bread. This contrasted sharply with the solemn image created in Casabianca as Hemans wrote it.

England and Spain, or, Valour and Patriotism

Her second book, England and Spain, or, Valour and Patriotism, was published in 1808 and was a narrative poem honoring her brother and his military service in the Peninsular War. The poem called for an end to the tyranny of Napoleon Bonaparte and for a long-lasting peace. Multiple references to Albion, an older name for Great Britain, emphasize Hemans's patrotism.

"For this thy noble sons have spread alarms, and bade the zones resound with BRITAIN's arms!"[4]

It is seen throughout this poem that Felicia Hemans is alarmed with the thought of war but her overall pride of nationality overcome this fear. She saw all of the fightings as useless bloodshed and a waste of human life. "England and Spain" was used by her to spread her message across Europe, that the wars were senseless and that peace should resume.

Female suicide in Hemans' works

Several of Hemans's characters take their own lives rather than suffer the social, political and personal consequences of their compromised situations. At Hemans's time, women writers were often torn between a choice of home or the pursuit of a literary career.[5] Hemans herself was able to balance both roles without much public ridicule, but left hints of discontent through the themes of feminine death in her writing.[6] The suicides of women in Hemans's poetry dwell on the same social issue that was confronted both culturally and personally during her life: the choice of caged domestication or freedom of thought and expression.[5]

'The Bride of the Greek Isle', 'The Sicilian Captive', 'The Last Song of Sappho' and 'Indian Woman's Death Song' are some of the most notable of Hemans' works involving women's suicides. Each poem portrays a heroine who is untimely torn from her home by a masculine force – such as pirates, Vikings, and unrequited lovers – and forced to make the decision to accept her new confines or command control over the situation. None of the heroines are complacent with the tragedies that befall them, and the women ultimately take their own lives in either a final grasp for power and expression or means to escape victimisation.[6] The true reasons for the recurring femicide in Hemans' poetry collections can only be found in readers' personal interpretations, giving speculation to Hemans' life and cultural context.

Selected works

  • "On the Restoration of the Works of Art to Italy"
  • Hymns on the Works of Nature, for the Use of Children
  • Records of Woman: With Other Poems
  • "The Better Land"
  • "Casabianca"
  • "Corinne at the Capitol"
  • "Evening Prayer at a Girls' School"
  • "A Farewell to Abbotsford"
  • "The Funeral Day of Sir Walter Scott"
  • "Hymn by the Sick-bed of a Mother"
  • "Kindred Hearts"
  • "The Last Song of Sappho"
  • "Lines Written in the Memoirs of Elizabeth Smith"
  • "The Rock of Cader Idris"
  • "Stanzas on the Late National Calamity, On the Death of the Princess Charlotte"
  • "Stanzas to the Memory of George III"
  • "Thoughts During Sickness: Intellectual Powers"
  • "To the Eye"
  • "To the New-Born"
  • "Woman on the Field of Battle"

Further reading

  • "Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature," 3rd ed., 4: 351–60 (2000)
  • "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography," 26: 274–77 (2004)
  • "Felicia Hemans: Selected Poems, Letters, Reception Materials," ed. Susan J. Wolfson (2000)
  • "Felicia Hemans: Selected Poems, Prose, and Letters," ed. Gary Kelly (2002)
  • Emma Mason, "Women Poets of the Nineteenth Century" (2006)
  • "Felicia Hemans: Reimagining Poetry in the Nineteenth Century," ed. Nanora Sweet & Julie Melnyk (2001)
  • Paula Feldman, "The Poet and the Profits: Felicia Hemans and the Literary Marketplace," "Keats-Shelley Journal" 46 (1996): 148–76
  • Peter W. Trinder, "Mrs. Hemans," U Wales Press (1984)

References

  1. 1 2 "Felicia Hemans". Oxforddnb.com. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  2. ↑ "Casablanca : Image" (JPG). Readytogoebooks.com. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  3. ↑ "Casabianca". Digital.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  4. ↑ "British Women Romantic Poets Project". Digital.lib.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  5. 1 2 "Hemans and Home: Victorianism, Feminine "Internal Enemies," and the Domestication of National Identity". JSTOR 463119. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  6. 1 2 Robinson, Jeffrey C. (3 September 2017). "The Poetics of Expiration: Felicia Hemans". Romanticism on the Net (29–30). doi:10.7202/007715ar. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
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