European Capital of Culture

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The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union (EU) for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong pan-European dimension.

Preparing a European Capital of Culture can be an opportunity for the city to generate considerable cultural, social and economic benefits and it can help foster urban regeneration, change the city's image and raise its visibility and profile on an international scale.

In 1985, Melina Mercouri, Greece’s minister of culture, and her French counterpart Jack Lang came up with the idea of designating an annual Capital of Culture to bring Europeans closer together by highlighting the richness and diversity of European cultures and raising awareness of their common history and values. It is strongly believed that the ECoC significantly maximises social and economic benefits, especially when the events are embedded as a part of a long–term culture-based development strategy of the city and the surrounding region.[1]

The Commission of the European Union manages the title and each year the Council of Ministers of the European Union formally designates European Capitals of Culture: more than 40 cities have been designated so far.

Selection process

An international panel of cultural experts is in charge of assessing the proposals of cities for the title according to criteria specified by the European Union.

For two of the capitals each year, eligibility is open to cities in EU member states only. From 2021 and every three years thereafter, a third capital will been chosen from cities in countries that are candidates or potential candidates for membership, or in countries that are part of the European Economic Area (EEA)[2][3]– an example of the latter being Stavanger in Norway, which was a European Capital of Culture in 2008.

Melina Mercouri (1985).

A 2004 study conducted for the Commission, known as the "Palmer report", demonstrated that the choice of European Capital of Culture served as a catalyst for the cultural development and the transformation of the city.[4] Consequently, the beneficial socio-economic development and impact for the chosen city are now also considered in determining the chosen cities.

Bids from five United Kingdom cities to be the 2023 Capital of Culture were disqualified in November 2017, because by 2023 it is expected that the UK will no longer be an EU member[5]

History

The European Capital of Culture programme was initially called the European City of Culture and was conceived in 1983, by Melina Mercouri, then serving as minister of culture in Greece. Mercouri believed that at the time, culture was not given the same attention as politics and economics and a project for promoting European cultures within the member states should be pursued. The European City of Culture programme was launched in the summer of 1985 with Athens being the first title-holder. During the German presidency of 1999, the European City of Culture programme was renamed to European Capital of Culture.[6]

List of European Capitals of Culture

The European Capital of Culture programme was launched in the summer of 1985 with Athens being the first title-holder.
Valletta (Malta), the European Capital of Culture for 2018
Leeuwarden (Netherlands) is the European Capital of Culture for 2018
European Capitals of Culture
Year#CityCountryNotes/Links
1985Athens Greece
1986Florence Italy
1987Amsterdam Netherlands
1988Berlin East Germany
 West Germany
1989Paris France
1990Glasgow United Kingdom
1991Dublin Ireland
1992Madrid Spain
1993Antwerp Belgium
1994Lisbon Portugal
1995Luxembourg Luxembourg
1996Copenhagen Denmark
1997Thessaloniki Greece
1998Stockholm Sweden
1999Weimar Germany
2000Avignon FranceThe year 2000, called the millennium year, was treated by the European Union in a special way, in order to emphasize the enduring heritage and contribution of European cities to the achievements of world culture and civilization. Because of that, nine locations were chosen, including two cities of states that were to join the EU on 1 May 2004.[7]
Bergen Norway
Bologna Italy
Brussels Belgium
Helsinki Finland
Kraków Poland
Prague Czech Republic
Reykjavík Iceland
Santiago de Compostela Spain
2001Rotterdam Netherlands
Porto Portugal
2002Bruges Belgium
Salamanca Spain
2003Graz Austria
2004Genoa Italy
Lille France
2005Cork Ireland
2006Patras Greece
2007Sibiu RomaniaSibiu 2007
Luxembourg Luxembourg
2008Liverpool United Kingdom
Stavanger Norway
2009Vilnius Lithuania
Linz AustriaLinz 2009
2010Essen Germanyrepresenting the Ruhr as Ruhr.2010
Istanbul Turkey
Pécs HungaryPécs 2010
2011Turku Finland
Tallinn Estonia
2012Guimarães Portugal
Maribor SloveniaMaribor 2012
2013Marseille FranceMarseille-Provence 2013
Košice Slovakia
2014Riga Latvia
Umeå SwedenUmeå 2014
2015Mons BelgiumMons 2015
Plzeň Czech RepublicPlzeň 2015
2016San Sebastián SpainSan Sebastián 2016
Wrocław PolandWrocław 2016
2017Aarhus DenmarkAarhus 2017
Paphos CyprusPafos 2017
2018Leeuwarden NetherlandsLeeuwarden-Fryslân 2018
Valletta MaltaValletta 2018
2019Matera ItalyMatera 2019
Plovdiv BulgariaPlovdiv 2019
2020Rijeka CroatiaRijeka 2020
Galway IrelandGalway 2020
20211Timișoara[8] RomaniaTimișoara 2021
2Elefsina[9] GreeceElefsina 2021
31Novi Sad SerbiaNovi Sad 2021
2022Kaunas LithuaniaKaunas 2022
Esch-sur-Alzette LuxembourgEsch-sur-Alzette 2022
20232TBA 14 December 2018[10] Hungaryshort-listed candidate cities: Debrecen,[11] Győr,[12] Veszprém;[13]
cancelled candidate cities: Gödöllő, Eger,[14] Miskolc,[15] Székesfehérvár, Tokaj,[16]
20241TBA Estoniabids until 1 October 2018[17]
potential candidate cities:Kuressaare, Narva, Tartu
2TBA Austriabids until 31 December 2018[18]
31TBATBAbids until 10 September 2018[19]
2025TBA Sloveniapotential candidate cities: Lendava, Ljubljana, Nova Gorica
TBA Germanykick-off event on 16 October 2018[20][21]
potential candidate cities: Bremen,[22] Chemnitz,[23] Dresden,[24] Frankfurt,[25] Halle/Saale,[26] Hildesheim,[27] Magdeburg,[28][29] Nürnberg,[30] Würzburg[31]
2026TBA Slovakia
TBA Finlandpotential candidate cities: Mänttä-Vilppula, Oulu, Tampere
20271TBA Latvia
2TBA Portugalpotential candidate cities: Aveiro, Leiria, Braga,[32] Faro, Évora, Ponta Delgada
31TBATBA
2028TBA Czech Republic
TBA Francepotential candidate cities: Clermont-Ferrand
2029TBA Poland
TBA Sweden
20301TBA Cyprus
2TBA Belgiumpotential candidate cities: Leuven,[33] Liège
31TBATBA
2031TBA Maltapotential candidate cities: Tarxien, Cottonera, Sliema, & Gozo
TBA Spainpotential candidate cities: Cáceres, Granada
2032TBA Bulgaria
TBA Denmark
20331TBA Netherlands
2TBA Italy
31TBATBA

1 A new framework makes it possible for a city in a candidate country or potential candidate for EU membership to hold the title every third year as of 2021. This will be selected through an open competition, meaning that cities from various countries may compete with each other.[34]

2 The European Capital of Culture was due to be in the UK in 2023. However, due to its decision to leave the European Union in 2016, UK cities would no longer be eligible to hold the title after 2019. The European Commission’s Scotland office confirmed that this would be the case on 23 November 2017, only one week before the UK was due to announce which city would be put forward.[35] The candidate cities were Dundee,[36] Leeds, Milton Keynes,[37] Nottingham[38] and a joint bid from Northern Irish cities Belfast, Derry and Strabane.[39] This caused anger amongst the UK candidate city's bidding teams due to the very short notice of the decision, and because of the amount of money they had already spent preparing their bids.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Burkšienė, V., Dvorak, J., Burbulytė-Tsiskarishvili, G. (2018). Sustainability and Sustainability Marketing in Competing for the Title of European Capital of Culture. Organizacija, Vol. 51 (1), p. 66-78 https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/orga/51/1/article-p66.xml
  2. ↑ "Decision No 445/2014/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014". 3 May 2014.
  3. ↑ "European Capitals of Culture 2020 to 2033 — A guide for cities preparing to bid" (PDF). European Commission.
  4. ↑ Palmer, Robert (2004) "European Cities and Capitals of Culture" Part I. Part II. Study prepared for the European Commission
  5. ↑ "Brexit blow to UK 2023 culture crown bids". BBC News. 23 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  6. ↑ Kiran Klaus Patel, ed., The Cultural Politics of Europe: European Capitals of Culture and European Union since the 1980s (London: Routledge, 2013)
  7. ↑ Association of European Cities of Culture of the Year 2000
  8. ↑ Selection of the European Capital of Culture in 2021 in Romania, The Selection Panel’s report Pre-Selection Stage
  9. ↑ Elefsina to be the European Capital of Culture in Greece in 2021
  10. ↑ "The Selection Panel's report Pre-Selection Stage" (PDF). European Commission. February 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  11. ↑ "2023-ban Európa Kulturális Fővárosa lehet Debrecen". haon.hu. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  12. ↑ "Európa Kulturális Fővárosa 2023: Számítanak a győriek javaslataira - Győr Megyei Jogú Város Honlapja". Onkormanyzat.gyor.hu. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  13. ↑ "Európa Kulturális Fővárosa 2023 Archívum - Veszprém Kukac". Veszpremkukac.hu. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  14. ↑ "Európa Kulturális Fővárosa 2023: Eger biztosan pályázik | heol.hu | Közélet | Heves megyei hírek". heol.hu. 23 August 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  15. ↑ "Európa kulturális fővárosa: A jövőre vonatkozó elképzelések kellenek - Észak-Magyarország". Eszak.hu. 11 November 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  16. ↑ "Tokaj kandidál az Európa Kulturális Fővárosa címre". Tokaj.hu. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  17. ↑ "European Capital of Culture 2024 will be from Estonia, again". Republic of Estonia/Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  18. ↑ "Europäische Kulturhauptstadt 2024 in Österreich". Bundeskanzleramt Österreich. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  19. ↑ "Call for submission of applications for the Union action "European Capitals of Culture" for the year 2024 for cities in EFTA/EEA countries, candidate countries and potential candidates for EU membership". European Commission. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  20. ↑ "Zum Auftakt" (in German). Kulturstiftung der Länder. 29 August 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  21. ↑ "Kulturhauptstadt Europas 2025 - Festlegung der Grundzüge des nationalen Auswahlverfahrens" (PDF) (in German). Kultusministerkonferenz. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  22. ↑ Kulturhauptstadt 2025 – soll Bremen es nochmal versuchen? Archived 5 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ↑ Chemnitz will Europäische Kulturhauptstadt werden
  24. ↑ Dresden will Kulturhauptstadt 2025 werden Archived 19 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  25. ↑ Frankfurt soll sich gemeinsam mit Offenbach bewerben
  26. ↑ Halle will "Kulturhauptstadt Europas" werden
  27. ↑ "Stadt Hildesheim – Tagung zum Thema „Kulturhauptstadt Europas 2025"". www.hildesheim.de. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  28. ↑ "We want to become the European Capital of Culture - with the central idea of "RESPONSIBILITY!"". Magdeburg Sein 2025 Kulturhauptstadt Werden. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  29. ↑ "Magdeburg als Europäische Kulturhauptstadt 2025". Deutsche Public Relations Gesellschaft (in German). 19 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-09-04.
  30. ↑ Nürnberg bewirbt sich als Kulturhauptstadt Europas
  31. ↑ Würzburger OB offen für Bewerbung Archived 4 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  32. ↑ "RUM". Rum.pt. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  33. ↑ "Leuven stelt zich kandidaat als Europese Culturele Hoofdstad 2030". demorgen.be. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  34. ↑ "European Capitals of Culture". European Union. 5 June 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  35. ↑ Brady, Jon (23 November 2017). "Brexit destroys Dundee's hopes of being European Capital of Culture in 2023". Evening Telegraph. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  36. ↑ Lorimer, Scott. "The latest news and sport from Dundee, Tayside and Fife". Evening Telegraph. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  37. ↑ "European Capital of Culture". www.milton-keynes.gov.uk. Milton Keynes Council. Archived from the original on 2017-06-06. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  38. ↑ "Nottingham 2023".
  39. ↑ Meredith, Robbie (5 July 2017). "NI councils make bid for European Capital of Culture title". BBC News. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
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