Ease of doing business index

The ease of doing business index is an index created by Simeon Djankov at the World Bank Group. The academic research for the report was done jointly with professors Oliver Hart and Andrei Shleifer.[1] Higher rankings (a low numerical value) indicate better, usually simpler, regulations for businesses and stronger protections of property rights. Empirical research funded by the World Bank to justify their work show that the economic growth impact of improving these regulations is strong.[2]

"Empirical research is needed to establish the optimal level of business regulation—for example, what the duration of court procedures should be and what the optimal degree of social protection is. The indicators compiled in the Doing Business project allow such research to take place. Since the start of the project in November 2001, more than 3,000 academic papers have used one or more indicators constructed in Doing Business and the related background papers by its authors."[3]

Choropleth map of the World Bank's Doing Business index from "Doing Business 2017"

Methodology

The report is above all, a benchmark study of regulation. The survey consists of a questionnaire designed by the Doing Business team with the assistance of academic advisers. The questionnaire centers on a simple business case that ensures comparability across economies and over time. The survey also bases assumptions on the legal form of the business, size, location, and nature of its operations.[4] The ease of doing business index is meant to measure regulations directly affecting businesses and does not directly measure more general conditions such as a nation's proximity to large markets, quality of infrastructure, inflation, or crime.

The next step of gathering data surveys of over 12,500 expert contributors (lawyers, accountants etc.) in 190 countries who deal with business regulations in their day-to-day work. These individuals interact with the Doing Business team in conference calls, written correspondence and visits by the global team. For the 2017 report, team members visited 34 economies to verify data and to recruit respondents. Data from the survey is subjected to several rounds of verification. The surveys are not a statistical sample, and the results are interpreted and cross-checked for consistency before being included in the report. Results are also validated with the relevant government before publication. Respondents fill out written surveys and provide references to the relevant laws, regulations and fees, based on standardized case scenarios with specific assumptions, such as the business being located in the largest business city of the economy.[4]

A nation's ranking on the index is based on the average of 10 subindices:

  • Starting a business – Procedures, time, cost and minimum capital to open a new business
  • Dealing with construction permits – Procedures, time and cost to build a warehouse
  • Getting electricity – procedures, time and cost required for a business to obtain a permanent electricity connection for a newly constructed warehouse
  • Registering property – Procedures, time and cost to register commercial real estate
  • Getting credit – Strength of legal rights index, depth of credit information index
  • Protecting investors – Indices on the extent of disclosure, extent of director liability and ease of shareholder suits
  • Paying taxes – Number of taxes paid, hours per year spent preparing tax returns and total tax payable as share of gross profit
  • Trading across borders – Number of documents, cost and time necessary to export and import
  • Enforcing contracts – Procedures, time and cost to enforce a debt contract
  • Resolving insolvency – The time, cost and recovery rate (%) under bankruptcy proceeding

The Doing Business project also offers information on following datasets:

  • Distance to frontier - Shows the distance of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the highest performance observed on each of the indicators across all economies included since each indicator was included in Doing Business
  • Entrepreneurship - Measures entrepreneurial activity. The data is collected directly from 130 company registrars on the number of newly registered firms over the past seven years
  • Good practices - Provide insights into how governments have improved the regulatory environment in the past in the areas measured by Doing Business
  • Transparency in business regulation - Data on the accessibility of regulatory information measures how easy it is to access fee schedules for 4 regulatory processes in the largest business city of an economy

For example, according to the Doing Business (DB) 2013 report, Canada ranked third on the first subindex "Starting a business" behind only New Zealand and Australia. In Canada there is 1 procedure required to start a business which takes on average 5 days to complete. The official cost is 0.4% of the gross national income per capita. There is no minimum capital requirement. By contrast, in Chad which ranked among the worst (181st out of 185) on this same subindex, there are 9 procedures required to start a business taking 62 days to complete. The official cost is 202% of the gross national income per capita. A minimum capital investment of 289.4% of the gross national income per capita is required.

While fewer and simpler regulations often imply higher rankings, this is not always the case. Protecting the rights of creditors and investors, as well as establishing or upgrading property and credit registries, may mean that more regulation is needed.

In most indicators, the case study refers to a small domestically-owned manufacturing company - hence the direct relevance of the indicators to foreign investors and large companies is limited. DB uses a simple averaging approach for weighting sub-indicators and calculating rankings. A detailed explanation of every indicator can be found through the DB website, and a .xls archive that simulates reforms.

Some caveats regarding the rankings and main information presented have to be considered by every user of the report. Mainly:

  • Doing Business does not measure all aspects of the business environment that matter to firm or investors, such as the macroeconomic conditions, or the level of employment, corruption, stability or poverty, in every country.
  • Doing Business does not consider the strengths and weakness neither of the global financial system, nor the financial system of every country. It also doesn't consider the state of the finances of the government of every country.
  • Doing Business does not cover all the regulation, or all the regulatory requirements. Other types of regulation such as financial market, environment, or intellectual property regulations that are relevant for the private sector are not considered.

The Doing Business report is not intended as a complete assessment of competitiveness or of the business environment of a country and should rather be considered as a proxy of the regulatory framework faced by the private sector in a country.

History

The Doing Business report has its origins in a paper first published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics by Simeon Djankov, Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes and Andrei Shleifer called “The Regulation of Entry” in 2002. The paper presented data on the regulation of entry of start-up firms in 85 countries covering the number of procedures, official time and official cost that a start-up must bear before it could operate legally. The main findings of the paper were that: “Countries with heavier regulation of entry have higher corruption and larger unofficial economies, but no better quality of public or private goods. Countries with more democratic and limited governments have lighter regulation of entry.” The paper became widely known because it provided quantitative evidence that entry regulation benefits politicians and bureaucrats without adding value to the private sector, or granting any additional protection.[5]

Several countries have launched reforms to improve their rankings.[6][7] These efforts are motivated to a great scope by the fact that the World Bank Group publishes the data, and hence coverage by the media and the private sector every year. Also, Doing Business highlights every year the successful reforms carried out by each country. Since The Regulation of Entry was published, Simeon Djankov and Andrei Shleifer have published eight other academic studies, one for each set of indicators covered by the report.

In 2013, Doing Business covered regulations measured from June 2011 through May 2012. Over the previous decade, the reports recorded nearly 2,000 regulatory reforms implemented by 180 economies.

  • Poland was the global top improver in the past year. It enhanced the ease of doing business through four institutional or regulatory reforms, making it easier to register property, pay taxes, enforce contracts, and resolve insolvency.
  • Worldwide, 108 economies implemented 201 regulatory reforms in 2011/12 making it easier to do business as measured by Doing Business. Reform efforts globally have focused on making it easier to start a new business, increasing the efficiency of tax administration and facilitating trade across international borders. Of the 201 regulatory reforms recorded in the past year, 44% focused on these 3 policy areas alone.
  • Singapore topped the global ranking on the ease of doing business for the seventh consecutive year, followed by Hong Kong SAR; New Zealand; the United States; and Denmark. Georgia was a new entrant to the top 10.

In 2014 Doing Business covered regulations measured from June 2012 through May 2013 in 189 economies.

  • Singapore is the first economy of the global ranking followed by Hong Kong SAR, New Zealand, the United States, Denmark, Malaysia, South Korea, Georgia, Norway, and the United Kingdom.
  • For the first time data about Libya, Myanmar, San Marino, and South Sudan were collected.
  • 114 economies adopted 238 regulatory reforms in 2012/13 (the reforms increased of 18% compared to the previous year).

In 2015, Doing Business covered regulations measured from June 2013 through June 2014 in 189 economies.[8] For the first time this year, Doing Business collected data for 2 cities in 11 economies with more than 100 million inhabitants. These economies include: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, and the United States. The added city enables a sub-national comparison and benchmarking against other large cities.

Research and influence

More than 3,000 academic papers have used data from the index.[9] The effect of improving regulations on economic growth is claimed to be very strong. Moving from the worst one-fourth of nations to the best one-fourth implies a 2.3 percentage point increase in annual growth. Another 7,000 working papers in economics and social science departments use the data from the Doing Business report. The 2016 Nobel Prize Winner in Economics Oliver Hart (economist) is among the authors of such papers.

The various sub-components of the index in themselves provide concrete suggestions for improvement. Many of them may be relatively easy to implement and uncontroversial (except perhaps among corrupt officials who may gain from onerous regulations requiring bribes to bypass). As such, the index has influenced many nations to improve their regulations. Several have explicitly targeted to reach a minimum position on the index, for example the top 25 list.

Somewhat similar annual reports are the Indices of Economic Freedom and the Global Competitiveness Report. They, especially the later, look at many more factors that affect economic growth, like inflation and infrastructure. These factors may however be more subjective and diffuse since many are measured using surveys and they may be more difficult to change quickly compared to regulations.

A November 2017 EconTalk podcast explains the lasting influence in academia and policy circles of the Doing Business report.

Doing Business Report

The Doing Business Report (DB) is a report started by Simeon Djankov and elaborated by the World Bank Group since 2003 every year that is aimed to measure the costs to firms of business regulations in 190 countries. The study has become one of the flagship knowledge products of the World Bank Group in the field of private sector development, and is claimed to have motivated the design of several regulatory reforms in developing countries. The study presents every year a detailed analysis of costs, requirements and procedures a specific type of private firm is subject in all countries, and then, creates rankings for every country. The study is also backed up by broad communication efforts, and by creating rankings, the study spotlights countries and leaders that are promoting reforms.[10]

The DB has been widely known and used by academics, policy-makers, politicians, development experts, journalists and the business community to highlight red tape and promote reforms. As stated by the IEG study from the World Bank:

“For country authorities, it sheds a bright, sometimes unflattering, light on regulatory aspects of their business climate. For business interests, it has helped to catalyze debates and dialogue about reform. For the World Bank Group, it demonstrates an ability to provide global knowledge, independent of resource transfer and conditionality. The annual exercise generates information that is relevant and useful.”

According to the DB, regulation does matter for the development of the private sectors, and several reforms are suggested across the report in order to promote the development of the private sector and enable the business environment. Some highlighted findings of the DB are:

Contents

In 2017, the study contains quantitative measures of regulations for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, employing workers, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, getting an electricity connection and closing a business. As stated in the introduction of the study, “A fundamental premise of DB is that economic activity requires good rules. These include rules that establish and clarify property rights and reduce the costs of resolving disputes, rules that increase the predictability of economic interactions and rules that provide contractual partners with core protections against abuse.”

Evaluation

Doing Business is a controversial study, with passionate critics and devoted fans. As recognized by the Independent Evaluation Group of the World Bank, some have questioned the reliability and objectivity of its measurements while others doubt the relevance of the issues it addresses or fear it may unduly dominate countries reform agendas at the expense of more crucial development objectives. Attention given to the indicators may inadvertently signal that the World Bank Group values less burdensome business regulations more highly than its other strategies for poverty reduction and sustainable development.

According to Snodgrass, several limitations are present in the DB studies and have to be kept in mind when using the study:

  • The indicators and measures are referred to the costs, requirements and fees of doing business in the country's largest business city; thus conditions elsewhere within the country may differ.
  • To achieve cross-country standardization respondents are asked to give estimates for a limited liability company of a specific size. Costs for other forms and scales of businesses may differ.
  • Transactions and fees to be cost out are very specifically defined. The costs of other types of transactions may differ.
  • The cost estimates come from individuals identified as expert respondents. Sometimes the estimates give by such individual may differ with other experts and with public officials. If so, the responses are cross-checked for consistency.
  • The estimates assume that a business knows what is required and does not waste time. Satisfying regulatory requirements will obviously take longer if the business lacks information or is unable to follow up promptly. A related point here is that DB may not understand “work-arounds”, “facilitating fees”, and “learning time” that speed or delay approvals and causes variation costs.

Published now for twelve years, the DB has originated a growing body of research on how performance on DB indicators, and reforms generated by the reports, related to specific development desirable outcomes. As stated by the DB 2010, about “405 articles have been published in peer-reviewed academic journals and about 1143 working papers are available through Google Scholar”.

The DB has acknowledged the limitation of getting data from one city to give information and a ranking valid for all the country. Several regional and sub-national studies have been carried out using the Doing Business methodology to assess variations within countries and regions across different cities, including sub-national studies for countries like Brazil, Mexico and Colombia and regional studies for the Caribbean, the Arab World, Bulgaria and other south eastern European countries. All studies are available from the DB website.

DB sometimes unintentionally has been widely used as a study to measure competitiveness. However, regulation rather than competitiveness is the main objective in the DB. Other studies that are also used to measure competitiveness and recognized as business enabling environment ranking systems are the Global Competitiveness Index, the Index of Economic Freedom, and the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, among others.[11]

Criticism

The Doing Business methodology regarding labor regulations was criticized by the International Trade Union Confederation because it favored flexible employment regulations.[12] In early reports, the easier it was to dismiss a worker for economic reasons in a country, the more its rankings improved. The Employing Workers index was revised in Doing Business 2008 to be in full compliance with the 188 International Labour Organization conventions. It has subsequently been removed from the rankings. The ITUC debuted the Global Rights Index in 2014 as a response to the Doing Business report.[13]

In 2008 the World Bank Group's Independent Evaluation Group, a semi-independent watchdog within the World Bank Group, published an evaluation of the Doing Business index.[14] The report, Doing Business: An Independent Evaluation, contained both praise and criticism of Doing Business. The report recommended that the index be clearer about what is and is not measured, disclose changes to published data, recruit more informants, and simplify the Paying Taxes indicator.

In April 2009 the World Bank issued a note with revisions to the Employing Workers index.[15] The note explained that scoring for the "Employing Workers" indicator would be updated in Doing Business 2010 to give favorable scores for complying with relevant ILO conventions. The Employing Workers indicator was also removed as a guidepost for Country Policy and Institutional Assessments, which help determine resources provided to IDA countries.

A study commissioned by the Norwegian government alleges methodological weaknesses, an uncertainty in the ability of the indicators to capture the underlying business climate, and a general worry that many countries may find it easier to change their ranking in Doing Business than to change the underlying business environment.[16]

In June 2013, an independent panel appointed by the President of the World Bank and headed by Trevor Manuel of South Africa, issued a review expressing concern about the potential for the report and index to be misinterpreted, the narrowness of the indicators and information base, the data collection methodology, and the lack of peer review. It recommended that the report be retained, but that the aggregate rankings be removed and that a peer-review process be implemented (among other things). Regarding the topics of Paying Taxes and Employing Workers, it noted that "The latter has already been excluded from the report's rankings. While there is a persuasive case for paying attention to these aspects of doing business, the Bank will need to carefully consider the correct way to assess the regulation and legal environment of these areas if these indicators are to be retained."[17]

The Doing Business criteria for measuring the time needed to complete a procedure were based on some simplified assumptions: "It is assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is 1 day. Although procedures may take place simultaneously, they cannot start on the same day (that is, simultaneous procedures start on consecutive days)". These assumptions generated some criticisms especially by countries that were able to complete one or more procedures simultaneously and could therefore be penalized in the final rank. World Bank claimed that the same criteria are applied to all economies and therefore would not produce biased results. In 2014 the possible biases in applying the DB time indicator were mathematically demonstrated in a scientific article[18] appeared on the Rivista italiana di economia demografia e statistica (Italian Review of Economics, Demography and Statistics - RIEDS). World Bank partially reviewed the criteria inserting a new assumption for telematics procedures: "each telematics procedure accounts for 0.5 day instead of one day (and telematics procedures can also take place simultaneously)".

2018 manipulation scandal

On January 12, 2018, Paul Romer, the World Bank's chief economist, announced that past releases of the index would be corrected and recalculated going back at least four years. Romer apologised to Chile, saying that the former director of the group responsible for the index had repeatedly manipulated its methodology, unfairly penalising the country's rankings during the administration of left-wing President Michelle Bachelet. In response, Bachelet announced that Chile would formally request a complete investigation by the World Bank.[19][20]

Ranking

The most recent rankings come from the "Doing Business 2018" report. Ranking of economies was introduced in the "Doing Business 2006" report.[21]

New Zealand has topped the Ease of Doing Business rankings in 2017 and 2018.

Singapore topped the Ease of Doing Business rankings in 2007–2016.[22] Based on Singapore's experience, IDA International is collaborating with public agencies in several countries in the areas such as ICT strategy, national infocomm planning and solutions implementation that can help increase the ease of doing business.

Classification Jurisdiction 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006
Very Easy  New Zealand1122333322221
Very Easy  Singapore2211111111112
Very Easy  Denmark3334555665578
Very Easy  South Korea4545788161923302327
Very Easy  Hong Kong5453222234457
Very Easy  United States6877444543333
Very Easy  United Kingdom77681077456669
Very Easy  Norway8696966810101195
Very Easy  Georgia916241589161211151837100
Very Easy  Sweden109811141314141817141314
Very Easy  Macedonia11101230252322383271759281
Very Easy  Estonia12121617222124172422171716
Very Easy  Finland1313109121111131614131413
Very Easy  Australia141513101110151099986
Very Easy  Taiwan15111119161625334661504735
Very Easy  Lithuania16212024172727232628261615
Very Easy  Ireland1718171315151097781011
Very Easy  Canada18221416191713788744
Very Easy  Latvia19142223242521242729222426
Very Easy  Germany20171514212019222525202119
Very Easy  United Arab Emirates21263122232633403346687769
Very Easy  Austria22192121302932322827253032
Very Easy  Iceland2320191213149151411101212
Very Easy  Malaysia2423181861218212320242521
Very Easy  Mauritius25493228201923201724273223
Very Easy  Thailand26464926181817191213151820
Very Easy  Poland27242532455562707276747554
Very Easy  Spain28323333524444496249383930
Very Easy  Portugal29252325313030314848374042
Very Easy  Czech Republic30273644756564637475565241
Very Easy  France31292731383429263131313544
Very Easy  Netherlands32282827283131303026212224
Very Easy   Switzerland33312620292826272121161517
Very Easy  Japan34343429272420181512121110
Very Easy  Russia35405162921121201231201201069679
Very Easy  Kazakhstan36354177504947596370716386
Very Easy  Slovenia373029*51333537425354556163
Very Easy  Belarus38374457635869685885110129106
Very Easy  Slovakia393329*37494648414236323637
Very Easy  Kosovo406066758698117119113N/AN/AN/AN/A
Very Easy  Rwanda415662463252455867139150158139
Very Easy  Montenegro42514636445156667190817092**
Very Easy  Serbia43485991938692898894866892**
Very Easy  Moldova4444526378838190941039210383
Very Easy  Romania45363748737272565547484978
Very Easy  Italy46504556657387807865538270
Very Easy  Armenia47383545373255484344393446
Very Easy  Hungary48414254545451464741456652
Easy  Mexico494738*39534853355156444373
Easy  Bulgaria503938*38586659514445465462
Easy  Croatia514340658984808410310697124118
Easy  Belgium52424342363328252219192018
Easy  Cyprus534547643936403740N/AN/AN/AN/A
Easy  Israel54525340353834292930292629
Easy  Chile55574841343739434940332825
Easy  Brunei567284*101597983112968878N/AN/A
Easy  Azerbaijan57656380706766543833969998
Easy  Peru58545035424341365662586571
Easy  Colombia59535434434542393753667966
Easy  Turkey60695555697171657359579193
Easy  Costa Rica6162588310211012112512111711510589
Easy  Mongolia62645672767686736058524561
Easy  Luxembourg6359615960565045645042N/AN/A
Easy  Puerto Rico64555747404143473535281922
Easy  Albania655897*68908582828286136120117
Easy  Bahrain66636553464238282018N/AN/AN/A
Easy  Greece6761606172781001091099610010980
Easy  Vietnam688290789999987893929110499
Easy  Morocco69687571879794114128128129115102
Easy  Jamaica70676458949088817563635043
Easy  Oman71667066474749576557495551
Easy  Indonesia7291109114120128129121122129123135115
Easy  El Salvador739586109118113112868472697176
Easy  Uzbekistan748787141146154166150150138138147138
Easy  Bhutan757371125141148142142126124119138104
Easy  Ukraine76808396112137152145142145139128124
Easy  Kyrgyzstan777567102687070444168949084
Easy  China787884*90969191798983839391
Easy  Panama79706952556161727781658157
Easy  Kenya8092108136129121109989582728368
Easy  Botswana81717274565954524538514840
Easy  South Africa82747343413935343432352928
Easy  Qatar83836850484036503937N/AN/AN/A
Easy  Malta84768094103102N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Easy  Zambia859897*111839484769010011610267
Easy  Bosnia and Herzegovina8681791071311261251101161191059587
Easy  Samoa87899667615760615764614139
Easy  Tunisia88777460515046556973888058
Easy  Tonga89857869576258715243475136
Easy  Vanuatu90849476748076605960625849
Easy  Saint Lucia9186771006453525336343427N/A
Easy  Saudi Arabia92948249262212111316233838
Easy  San Marino9379769381N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Easy  Uruguay94909282888990124114109986485
Easy  Seychelles959395858074103951111049084N/A
Easy  Kuwait96102101*861048267746152404647
Medium  Guatemala97888173799397101110112114118109
Medium  Dominica981019197*7768658883747772N/A
Medium  Dominican Republic99103938411711610891869799117103
Medium  India100130130142134132132134133122120134116
Medium  Fiji1019788*81626077625439363134
Medium  Trinidad and Tobago1029688*796669689781806759N/A
Medium  Jordan10311811311711910696111100101807874
Medium  Lesotho104100114*128*13613614313813012312411497
Medium    Nepal1051079910810510810711612312111110055
Medium  Namibia106109101*88988778696651434233
Medium  Antigua and Barbuda107113104897163576450424133N/A
Medium  Paraguay1081061009210910310210612411510311288
Medium  Papua New Guinea10911914513311310410110310295845764
Medium  Malawi11013314116417115714513313213412711096
Medium  Sri Lanka111110107998581891021051021018975
Medium  Swaziland1121111051101231231241181151089576N/A
Medium  Philippines1139910395108138136148144140133126113
Medium  Palestine114140129143138135131135139131117127125
Medium  Honduras115105110104*127125128131141133121111112
Medium  Solomon Islands116104112879792749610489796953
Medium  Argentina11711612112412612411311511811310910177
Medium  Ecuador118114117115135139130130138136128123107
Medium  Bahamas11912110697*847785776855N/AN/AN/A
Medium  Ghana120108114*70676463679287879482
Medium  Belize121112120118106105939980785956N/A
Medium  Uganda12211512215013212012312211211111810772
Medium  Tajikistan123128132166143141147139152159153133N/A
Medium  Iran124120118130152145144129137142135119108
Medium  Brazil125123116120116130126127129125122121119
Medium  Guyana126124137123115114114100101105104136105
Medium  Cape Verde127129126122121122119132146143132125N/A
Medium  Egypt12812213111212810911094106114126165141
Medium  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines1291251111038275757570665485N/A
Medium  Palau13013613611310011111612097918262N/A
Medium  Nicaragua131127125119124119118117117107936759
Medium  Barbados1321171191069188N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Medium  Lebanon133126123104*11111510411310899858695
Medium  Saint Kitts and Nevis13413412412110196958776676444N/A
Medium  Cambodia135131127135137133138147145135145143133
Medium  Maldives136135128116959579858769605331
Medium  Tanzania137132139131145134127128131127130142140
Medium  Mozambique138137133127139146139126135141134140110
Medium  Côte d'Ivoire139142142147167177167169168161155141145
Medium  Senegal140147153161178166154152157149162146132
Medium  Laos141139134148159163165171167165164159147
Medium  Grenada142138135126107100739291847073N/A
Medium  Mali143141143*146155151146153156166158155146
Medium  Niger144150160168176176173173174172169160150
Below Average  Nigeria14516916917014713113313712511810810894
Below Average  Gambia146145151138150147149146140130131113N/A
Below Average  Pakistan147144138128*110107105838577767460
Below Average  Burkina Faso148146143*167154153150151147148161163154
Below Average  Marshall Islands1491431401391141011061089893898748
Below Average  Mauritania150160168176173167159165166160157148127
Below Average  Benin151155158151174175175170172169151137129
Below Average  Bolivia152149157157162155153149161150140131111
Below Average  Guinea153163165169175178179179173171166157144
Below Average  Djibouti154171171155160171170158163153146161N/A
Below Average  Micronesia15515114814515615014014112712611210656
Below Average  Togo156154150149157156162160165163156151149
Below Average  Kiribati157152149134122117115937979736045
Below Average  Comoros158153154159158158157159162155146144N/A
Below Average  Zimbabwe159161155171170173171157159158152153126
Below Average  Sierra Leone160148147140142140141143148156160168136
Below Average  Ethiopia16115914613212512711110410711610297101
Below Average  Madagascar162167164163148142137140134144149149131
Below Average  Cameroon163166172158168161161168171164154152130
Below Average  Burundi164157152152140159169181176177174166143
Below Average  Suriname165158156162161164158161155146142122N/A
Below Average  Algeria166156163154153152148136136132125116128
Below Average  Gabon167164162144163170156156158151144132N/A
Below Average  Iraq168165161156151165164166153152141145114
Below Average  São Tomé and Príncipe169162166153169160163178180176163169123
Below Average  Sudan170168159160149143135154154147143154151
Below Average  Myanmar171170167177182N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Below Average  Liberia172174179174144149151155149157170N/AN/A
Below Average  Equatorial Guinea173178180165166162155164170165165150N/A
Below Average  Syria174173175175165144134144143137137130121
Below Average  Angola175182181181179172172163169168167156135
Below Average  Guinea-Bissau176172178179180179176176181179176173N/A
Below Average  Bangladesh1771761741731301291221071191101078865
Below Average  Timor Leste178175173172172169168174164170168174142
Below Average  Congo179177176178185183181177179178175171148
Below Average  Chad180180183185189184183183178175173172152
Below Average  Haiti181181182180177174174162151154148139134
Below Average  Democratic Republic of Congo182184184184183181178175182181178175155
Below Average  Afghanistan183183177183164168160167160162159162122
Below Average  Central African Republic184185185187188185182182183180177167153
Below Average  Libya185188188188187N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Below Average  Yemen1861791701371331189910599981139890
Below Average  South Sudan187186187186186N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Below Average  Venezuela188187186182181180177172177174172164120
Below Average  Eritrea189189189189184182180180175173171170137
Below Average  Somalia190190N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A

* – same rank is for multiple jurisdictions
** – the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro

Note: Rankings at time of annual report publication. Rankings are subject to revision.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Doing Business - Measuring Business Regulations - World Bank Group". Doing Business. 2011-12-30. Retrieved 2013-05-20.
  2. ↑ "Doing Business report series – World Bank Group". Doingbusiness.org. Retrieved 2013-05-20.
  3. ↑ Ease of doing business, Page 111.
  4. 1 2 "Improvements made to methodology this year - Doing Business - World Bank Group". www.doingbusiness.org. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  5. ↑ Djankov, Simeon, et al., "The Regulation of Entry", The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.CXVII February 2002, Issue I
  6. ↑ "Time to make in India?". The Economist. 2014-09-25. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  7. ↑ "Ranking the rankings". The Economist. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  8. ↑ "Doing Business 2015, World Bank. Published: October 29, 2014".
  9. ↑ "Doing Business and related research - World Bank Group". Doingbusiness.org. Retrieved 2013-05-20.
  10. ↑ World Bank: "Doing Business 2010", World Bank Group, 2010, U.S.A.
  11. ↑ Snodgrass, Sonald, "Alternative Business Enabling Environment Rankings. A Review", USAID / Business Growth Initiative, USAID
  12. ↑ "ITUC-CSI-IGB – International Trade Union Confederation". Ituc-csi.org. 2006-12-14. Retrieved 2012-06-27.
  13. ↑ Tamara Gausi (21 May 2014). New Global Index Elevates Workers' Rights over "Doing Business". Equal Times. Retrieved 30 May 2014; see also: ITUC Global Rights Index: The world's worst countries for workers.
  14. ↑ "Doing Business – Doing Business: An Independent Evaluation". Web.worldbank.org. 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2012-02-14.
  15. ↑ "EWI Revisions". Doingbusiness.org. Retrieved 2012-06-27.
  16. ↑ "Be careful when Doing Business" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2012-06-27.
  17. ↑ http://www.dbrpanel.org/sites/dbrpanel/files/doing-business-review-panel-report.pdf
  18. ↑ "World Bank Doing Business Project and the statistical methods based on ranks: the paradox of the time indicator". Rivista italiana di economia demografia e statistica, 2014, Volume LXVIII, Issue 1, ideas.repec.org. Retrieved 2014-07-13.
  19. ↑ "Chile slams World Bank for bias in competitiveness rankings". Reuters. 2018.
  20. ↑ Zumbrun, Josh; Talley, Ian (12 January 2018). "World Bank Unfairly Influenced Its Own Competitiveness Rankings". Wall Street Journal.
  21. ↑ "Doing Business 2018 - Equal Opportunity for All - World Bank Group". www.doingbusiness.org.
  22. ↑ "Singapore Tops World Bank Survey". Bloomberg. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
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