Deferoxamine

Deferoxamine
Skeletal formula and spacefill model of deferoxamine
Clinical data
Trade names Desferal
Synonyms desferrioxamine B, desferoxamine B, DFO-B, DFB ,N'-[5-(Acetyl-hydroxy-amino)pentyl]-N-[5-[3-(5-aminopentyl-hydroxy-carbamoyl) propanoylamino]pentyl]-N-hydroxy-butane diamide
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
Pregnancy
category
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
    Routes of
    administration
    • intramuscular
    • intravenous
    • subcutaneous
    ATC code
    Pharmacokinetic data
    Elimination half-life 6 hours
    Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    KEGG
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    ECHA InfoCard 100.000.671 Edit this at Wikidata
    Chemical and physical data
    Formula C25H48N6O8
    Molar mass 560.69 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)

    Deferoxamine (DFOA), sold under the brand name Desferal, is a medication that binds iron and aluminium.[1] It is specifically used in iron overdose, hemochromatosis either due to multiple blood transfusions or an underlying genetic condition, and aluminium toxicity in people on dialysis.[1][2] It is used by injection into a muscle, vein, or under the skin.[1]

    Common side effects include pain at the site of injection, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, hearing loss, and eye problems.[1] Severe allergic reactions including anaphylaxis and low blood pressure may occur.[1] It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe for the baby.[3] Deferoxamine is a siderophore from the bacteria Streptomyces pilosus.[4]

    Deferoxamine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1968.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[5] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 6.76 to 13.52 USD per dose.[6] In the United States a course of treatment costs more than 200 USD.[7]

    Medical uses

    Deferoxamine is used to treat acute iron poisoning, especially in small children. This agent is also frequently used to treat hemochromatosis, a disease of iron accumulation that can be either genetic or acquired. Acquired hemochromatosis is common in patients with certain types of chronic anemia (e.g. thalassemia and myelodysplastic syndrome) who require many blood transfusions, which can greatly increase the amount of iron in the body. Administration for chronic conditions is generally accomplished by subcutaneous injection over a period of 8–12 hours each day. Administration of deferoxamine after acute intoxication may color the urine a pinkish red, a phenomenon termed "vin rosé urine".

    Apart from iron toxicity, deferoxamine can be used to treat aluminium toxicity (an excess of aluminium in the body) in select patients. In US, the drug is not FDA-approved for this use.

    Deferoxamine is also used to minimize doxorubicin's cardiotoxic side effects and in the treatment of a patient with aceruloplasminemia.[8]

    Mechanism

    Deferoxamine acts by binding free iron in the bloodstream and enhancing its elimination in the urine. By removing excess iron, the agent reduces the damage done to various organs and tissues, such as the liver. Also, it speeds healing of nerve damage (and minimizes the extent of recent nerve trauma). Deferoxamine may modulate expression[9] and release of inflammatory mediators by specific cell types.[10]

    Research

    Deferoxamine is being studied as a treatment for spinal cord injury[11] and intracerebral hemorrhage.[12] It is also used to induce hypoxia-like environment in mesenchymal stem cells.[13][14]

    See also

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Deferoxamine Mesylate". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
    2. ↑ WHO Model Formulary 2008 (PDF). World Health Organization. 2009. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-92-4-154765-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
    3. ↑ "Deferoxamine (Desferal) Use During Pregnancy". www.drugs.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
    4. ↑ Hoffman, Ronald; Jr, Edward J. Benz; Silberstein, Leslie E.; Heslop, Helen; Weitz, Jeffrey; Anastasi, John (2012). Hematology: Diagnosis and Treatment (6 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 515. ISBN 1-4557-4041-1. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20.
    5. ↑ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
    6. ↑ "Deferoxamine". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
    7. ↑ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 470. ISBN 978-1-284-05756-0.
    8. ↑ Miyajima, Hiroaki; Takahashi, Yoshitomo; Kamata, Tadashi; Shimizu, Hideaki; Sakai, Naoki; Gitlin, Jonathan D. (1997). "Use of desferrioxamine in the treatment of aceruloplasminemia". Annals of Neurology. 41 (3): 404–7. doi:10.1002/ana.410410318. PMID 9066364.
    9. ↑ Lee, Hwa-Jeong; Lee, Jun; Lee, Sun-Kyung; Lee, Suk-Keun; Kim, Eun-Cheol (2007). "Differential regulation of iron chelator-induced IL-8 synthesis via MAP kinase and NF-κB in immortalized and malignant oral keratinocytes". BMC Cancer. 7: 176. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-7-176. PMC 2078595. PMID 17850672.
    10. ↑ Choi, E. Y.; Kim, E. C.; Oh, H. M.; Kim, S; Lee, H. J.; Cho, E. Y.; Yoon, K. H.; Kim, E. A.; Han, W. C.; Choi, S. C.; Hwang, J. Y.; Park, C; Oh, B. S.; Kim, Y; Kimm, K. C.; Park, K. I.; Chung, H. T.; Jun, C. D. (2004). "Iron chelator triggers inflammatory signals in human intestinal epithelial cells: Involvement of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways". Journal of Immunology. 172 (11): 7069–77. PMID 15153529.
    11. ↑ http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/orphans/2009/11/human_orphan_000120.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d12b Archived 2013-07-17 at the Wayback Machine.
    12. ↑ Wu, He; Wu, Tao; Xu, Xueying; Wang, Jessica; Wang, Jian (2010). "Iron toxicity in mice with collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 31 (5): 1243–50. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2010.209. PMC 3099628. PMID 21102602.
    13. ↑ Ren, Hongying; Cao, Ying; Zhao, Qinjun; Li, Jing; Zhou, Cixiang; Liao, Lianming; Jia, Mingyue; Zhao, Qian; Cai, Huiguo; Han, Zhong Chao; Yang, Renchi; Chen, Guoqiang; Zhao, Robert Chunhua (2006). "Proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells under hypoxic conditions". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 347 (1): 12–21. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.169. PMID 16814746.
    14. ↑ Woo, Kyung Jin; Lee, Tae-Jin; Park, Jong-Wook; Kwon, Taeg Kyu (2006). "Desferrioxamine, an iron chelator, enhances HIF-1α accumulation via cyclooxygenase-2 signaling pathway". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 343 (1): 8–14. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.116. PMID 16527254.
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