Cupressus forbesii

Cupressus forbesii
One of the few survivors of 2006 Coal Canyon Fire, Cleveland National Forest
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Division:Pinophyta
Class:Pinopsida
Order:Pinales
Family:Cupressaceae
Genus:Cupressus
Species: C. forbesii
Binomial name
Cupressus forbesii
Jeps. 1922
Natural range of Cupressus forbesii
Cupressus forbesii (green)
Cupressus guadalupensis (red)
Synonyms[1][2][3][4]
Tecate Cypress in the Otay Mountain Wilderness

Cupressus forbesii, now reclassified by some as Hesperocyparis forbesii,[1][2][5] and with the common names Tecate cypress or Forbes' cypress,[1] is a species of cypress native to southwestern North America.[1]

Distribution

Cupressus forbesii is native to montane chaparral and woodlands habitats in the western Peninsular Ranges. It grows at elevations of 450–1,500 metres (1,480–4,920 ft).[6] The tree is found only in the Santa Ana Mountains of Orange County and in San Diego County within Southern California, and in northern Baja California state of Mexico.[6]

The northernmost stand, in Orange County, which comprises a large area on the upper limits of Coal Canyon and on Sierra Peak in the Santa Ana Mountains, burned in a 2006 wildfire. Very few mature trees survived but regeneration is occurring by the hundreds to thousands. However another wildfire before trees are able to reach cone-producing age, which can be quite old for this species, could extirpate the stand.

Description

Cupressus forbesii reaches 10 metres (33 ft), and is usually without dominant terminal shoot resulting in a multi-trunked tree. The foliage ranges from rich light green to green, and seed cones are dark brown, 20–32 mm.[6]

Cupressus forbesii - Tecate Cypress bark,
at Guatay Mountain, Cuyamaca Mountains

Taxonomy

Cupressus forbesii has in the past been referred to as Cupressus guadalupensis var. forbesii. This taxonomy has been somewhat controversial, as morphology and molecular testing have both shown Cupressus guadalupensis to be genetically distinct enough from Cupressus forbesii to warrant being placed in its own species. Cupressus guadalupensis is endemic to Guadalupe Island off Baja California, two hundred fifty miles away from any C. forbesii stands. Molecular testing has shown Cupressus guadalupensis to be slightly more closely related to Cupressus stephensonii.

Major differences between Tecate cypress (Cupressus forbesii) and Guadalupe cypress (Cupressus guadalupensis) are:

  • Guadalupe cypress, when mature, makes a much more massive and taller tree than Tecate cypress.
  • Guadalupe cypress has glaucous, somewhat blue-tinted foliage, while Tecate cypress has very green foliage.
  • Guadalupe cypress cones will open without fire, while Tecate cypress cones differ from any other species of California Cypress, in that even once disconnected from the parent tree, they will not open without heat.

Ecology

The Tecate cypress is the only plant on which the rare Thorne's Hairstreak (Callophrys gryneus thornei) lays its eggs.[7]

Cultivation

Cupressus forbesii has proven to be a successful specimen tree, tolerant of the California Coastal climate and its cool temperatures and humidity, where other inland-growing cypress species such as Cupressus macnabiana have done poorly in these conditions. A Tecate Cypress planted at Strybing Arboretum in San Francisco is showing vigor and produces viable cones at forty years of age.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Jepson (TJM2): Hesperocyparis forbesii . accessed 4.6.2015.
  2. 1 2 United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
  3. ↑ ITIS Standard Report Page: Callitropsis forbsii . accessed 4.6.2015
  4. ↑ Flora of North America, Cupressus guadalupensis var. forbesii
  5. ↑ Calflora: Hesperocyparis forbesii
  6. 1 2 3 Jepson Manual (TJM93)
  7. ↑ Lee, M. Rare Otay butterfly doesn't make 'endangered' list. San Diego Union-Tribune February 22, 2011.

Further reading

  • Little, D.P. 2006. Evolution and circumscription of the true cypresses (Cupressaceae: Cupressus). Systematic Botany 31(3): 461-480.
  • Wolf, C. B. & Wagener, W. E. (1948). The New World cypresses. El Aliso 1: 195-205.
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