Continental Mark II

Continental Mark II
1956 Continental Mark II.
Overview
Manufacturer Continental (Ford)
Model years 1956–1957
Assembly Allen Park Body and Assembly, Allen Park, Michigan, United States
Designer John Reinhart, Gordon Buehrig (1953)
Body and chassis
Body style 2-door hardtop
Layout FR layout
Related Lincoln Futura
Powertrain
Engine 368 cu in (6.0 L) 4-bbl. Y-block V8
Transmission Turbo-Drive 3-speed automatic[1]
Dimensions
Wheelbase 126.0 in (3,200 mm)[1]
Length 218.4 in (5,547 mm)
Width 77.5 in (1,968 mm)
Height 56.3 in (1,430 mm)
Curb weight 5,000 lb (2,300 kg)
Chronology
Predecessor Lincoln Continental (1939-1948)
Successor Continental Mark III

The Continental Mark II is a personal luxury car that was sold by the Continental Division of Ford. Marketed from 1956 to 1957, the Mark II was the sole product line of the Continental Division, serving as the worldwide flagship vehicle of Ford Motor Company. A two-door hardtop coupe, the Mark II derived its name from a practice in European manufacturing, with "Mark II" denoting a second generation (the vehicle was intended as the successor to the 1939-1948 Lincoln Continental).

Following the 1956 integration of Continental into Lincoln, the Mark II was withdrawn after the 1957 model year. For 1958 to 1960, the Continental nameplate made a return, becoming the flagship variant of the Lincoln product range. For 1969, Ford revived the chronology of the Mark series with the debut of the Continental Mark III personal luxury coupe, produced for five successive generations through the 1998 Lincoln Mark VIII.

In contrast to other Ford Motor Company vehicles, the Mark II was essentially hand-built, making it the most expensive American-produced sold in the United States at the time. All examples of the Continental Mark II were assembled at Allen Park Body and Assembly in Allen Park, Michigan.

Background

For the 1949 model year, all three divisions of Ford Motor Company unveiled their first post-war product line, with Lincoln discontinuing the Lincoln Continental after six years of production (interrupted by World War II). Following World War II, the Lincoln and Mercury brands had been grouped together within a common division to streamline their operations. While the Lincoln Continental had gone on to build a positive reputation, the Continental was an aging design, as a variant of the 1936 Lincoln-Zephyr.

Following the withdrawal of the 1939-1948 Lincoln Continental, by the early 1950s, interest in a successor vehicle proved sufficient for Ford Motor Company to commence development on a successor.[2] In 1952, the company formed the Special Product Operations team (later Special Products Division).[3] Led by William Clay Ford, the team consisted of John Reinhart (chief stylist), Gordon Buehrig (chief body engineer; designer of the Cord 810), and Harley Copp (chief engineer).[4][5]

Initially meeting with rejection from upper Ford management, in 1953, design work was approved to bring a successor to the Continental to production.[5] The same year, the personal luxury segment saw several American-produced vehicles enter production, with the launch of the limited-production Cadillac Eldorado, Buick Skylark, and Oldsmobile Fiesta convertibles by General Motors (coinciding with the launch of the Chevrolet Corvette, as a roadster) and the Packard Caribbean convertible.[2]

Under William Clay Ford, the Special Products Division set out several objectives. In addition to creating a successor to the 1939-1948 Lincoln Continental personal luxury car, the Continental Mark II was also intended to revive the memory of the 1930s coachbuilt Lincoln Model K, among the flagship American automobiles of the time.[5] In April 1955, the Continental Division was created by Ford Motor Company as a stand-alone division to handle the Continental Mark II. While a two-door hardtop would be offered as the debut vehicle, the model range would expand to a retractable-hardtop convertible and a four-door hardtop sedan. [5][6][7] While the original Continental coupe sold relatively poorly in contrast to its convertible counterpart, the Special Products Division set out to introduce a full range of body styles (in contrast to the Cadillac Eldorado and Packard Caribbean, sold exclusively as convertibles).

Model overview

The Continental Mark II made its world debut in October 1955. First unveiled at the 1955 Paris Auto Show, the Mark II debuted in the United States at Ford Motor Company headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan.[7] Intended as a successor to the Lincoln Continental (effectively making its predecessor a Mark I), the $9,695 Continental Mark II was the most expensive domestic-produced automobile sold in the United States; only one option was offered for the Mark II, with Continental charging $595 for air conditioning (used through interior-mounted ducts).[8][1][9]

While rivaling a Rolls-Royce in price, by the end of the production of the Mark II, Ford Motor Company estimated it lost nearly $1,000 for every example produced.[10] In 1957, Cadillac entered the Cadillac Eldorado Brougham into production. While a four-door hardtop sedan, the Eldorado Brougham was sized closely to the Mark II, overtaking it as the most expensive American-produced vehicle.

Chassis

368 cubic-inch Lincoln Y-block V8 (1956 Continental Mark II of Henry Ford II)

The rear-wheel-drive Continental Mark II is constructed using a body-on-frame chassis layout. To lower its body and to optimize the use of dual exhausts, the Mark II uses a "Y" shaped frame designed for the model line.[6][7] A fully boxed crossmember was placed under the front seats, with six tube-style crossmembers located through the rest of the chassis.

While the suspension layout itself was largely adapted from the Lincoln model line, to improve the handling and ride of the 5,000 pound vehicle, the Mark II introduced speed-sensitive shock absorbers for the front wheels.[6]

To streamline production, powertrain components were adapted from the Lincoln model line and checked through the division's quality-control program during production.[6] The 368 cubic-inch Lincoln Y-block V8 powered the Mark II, paired with the 3-speed Turbo-Drive automatic transmission. For 1956, the engines produced 285 hp, increased to 300 hp for 1957. In a 1956 report from Popular Mechanics, the Mark ll produced 16.7 mpg at 50 mph.[8]

Continental Mark II powertrain details
Engine Production Configuration Output Fuel system Transmission
Lincoln Y-block V8 1956-1957 368 cu in (6.0 L) 16-valve OHV V8 285 hp 402 lb-ft 4-bbl carburetor Lincoln/Borg-Warner Turbo-Drive

3-speed automatic

300 hp 415 lb-ft

Body

While Continental was planned as a three-model range, the Mark II two-door hardtop coupe was the sole model to reach production. Sharing its 126-wheelbase with the Lincoln model line, the Mark II was over four inches shorter, two inches narrower, and over three inches lower than the Lincoln Premiere and Capri. In an extensive contrast to other American luxury cars, the body of the Mark II was conservatively styled, with chrome limited to the bumpers, grille, rocker panels, and window trim. Few curves were added to the body, with the exception of a body accent line on the fenders and doors. While two-tone paint schemes were offered an option, the design was conservative, contrasting the hardtop roofline with the lower body.

In a notable departure from both American and European styling precedents, neither tailfins nor pontoon fenders were seen; a swing-away left taillamp hid the fuel cap from view. To update the Continental tire styling feature, Ford engineers moved the vertical tire inside the trunk; as the spare tire was still vertically mounted, the "tire bulge" design was introduced in order to allow for the trunklid to close.[6]

While Continental was intended largely as a luxury vehicle, interior elements of the Mark II were intended to make the vehicle more personal than a typical American luxury vehicle.[11] Central to the interior design was the wraparound windshield (mounted 8 inches further rearward than in a Lincoln).[11] In contrast to Lincoln and Mercury vehicles of the time, the Continental Mark II was given a vertically angled steering wheel (with a full set of gauges grouped behind the steering wheel).[11]

The Continental Mark II would have an extensive list of standard equipment for the time, equipped with power steering, power brakes, power windows, power seats, power vent windows, and full instrumentation, including a tachometer and a low-level fuel warning.[11][1] In total, the Mark II was offered with nineteen standard exterior colors and 43 interior design schemes (with five interior fabrics)[12]

Quality control

Detail of wheel cover (assembled by hand)

In place of style or outright performance, to justify its exclusive price, Ford Motor Company sought to market the Continental model line as the highest-quality American automobile[13]; in line with the coachbuilt cars of the 1930s, the Mark II was largely hand-built[5]. While sharing its design with the standard Lincoln model line, each Continental Mark II engine was effectively factory-blueprinted; after selected from the Lincoln assembly line, the engine was disassembled and reassembled after numerous quality-control and performance inspections.[6][1] Each of the four wheel covers was hand-assembled with individually fastened vanes; each letter of "Continental" was individually bolted onto the trunklid.

As American leather was sprayed vs vat dyed, Bridge of Weir leather (imported from Scotland) was used throughout the interior[14]; as Continental felt the results were better-wearing, the leather used the Vat dye process and was dyed in the United States.[13] While metallic-style exterior paints had become popular on 1950s American luxury cars, durability concerns forced Continental to adapt lacquer-based paint colors (the first Ford Motor Company vehicle to do so).[13]

During the development of the Continental division by Ford Special Products, Ford Motor Company sought to develop the most stringent quality control programs ever seen in the American automotive industry, coming up with seven major initiatives for Continental. The quality control program included all employees at the assembly facility, from assembly workers to upper management. In one instance, a transporter truck of Mark IIs was returned to the factory as a gate security guard noticed a paint defect on one vehicle.[13]

Continental Mark II Quality Control Program[13]
Initiative Description
Quality Specifications Continental vehicles are only allowed to use the highest-quality materials (resulting in a number of suppliers having to upgrade their own production standards).
Initial Sample Inspection To ensure all parts met standards, all inspections were deliberately scheduled earlier than normal to allow the process to slow down to allow for potential rejections to take place.
Receiving Inspection In place of samples being inspected for the first time at the assembly plant, 100% of parts are inspected by suppliers, with the factory becoming a secondary inspection.
Additional Manufacturing Attention Continental allowed for twice as long to assemble a vehicle as Ford or Lincoln-Mercury. The extra time expected workers to test-fit parts before assembly, check and correct defects.
In-Plant Inspection and Testing Inside the Continental assembly plant, each vehicle went through fourteen major inspection points, where each vehicle was inspected by a team of mechanics before undergoing further assembly. After completing assembly, each vehicle underwent a further inspection and a road test before shipping.
Top Management Action Management of Continental reviewed statistical information from the quality control department, comparing it to customer issues and repair claims
Field Service Program to remedy customer issues; also used to check on customer satisfaction

Branding

Hood ornament, Continental Mark II
Trunklid emblem, 1957 Continental Mark II

Developed as the successor to the first-generation Lincoln Continental, the branding of the Continental Mark II has been a source of confusion. Continental Division of Ford Motor Company was a stand-alone division, with its own manufacturing facility; in July 1956, Ford closed the division, integrating Continental into Lincoln.[3] In place of establishing a separate dealer network for Continental, the Mark II was marketed and serviced through the Lincoln-Mercury network (as Continentals shared mechanical commonality with Lincolns).

The brand logo for Continental was a rectangular-framed four-pointed star. Following the withdrawal of the Mark II, Lincoln adopted the four-pointed star for 1958; modified slightly, the logo remains in use on Lincoln-brand vehicles today.

For 1958, the Continental branding underwent further confusion, as the stand-alone Mark II was replaced by the Mark III.[15] In a mandate to reduce its price to $6,000, Continental vehicles differed from Lincolns in roofline only, shifting from hand assembly to a shared assembly line. For 1959, the stand-alone Continental brand was withdrawn completely, though Lincoln continued the "Mark" nomenclature through its model cycle.[16] In 1961, the Lincoln brand adapted the Continental nameplate for its entire model line, a practice that would be seen through 1977.

In 1968, Ford Motor Company introduced the 1969 Continental Mark III, re-entering the personal luxury car segment. While far less expensive than the Mark II, the Mark III adopted a similar configuration, reviving the spare-tire trunklid. Downplaying the production of the 1958-1960 Continentals, the Mark III was the revival of the Mark series personal luxury cars. Following the introduction of the 1957 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham and 1967 Cadillac Eldorado, General Motors and Ford Motor Company established a brand rivalry between their flagship company vehicles, lasting until the 1998 withdrawal of the Lincoln Mark VIII.

Production and sales

The Continental Mark II was produced at the Allen Park Body & Assembly facility in Allen Park, Michigan. Established as the headquarters and assembly plant for Continental, in a major break from Ford tradition, a moving assembly line was largely dispensed with to facilitate hand-built construction and inspection. In the factory, each vehicle was assembled on a mobile carrier; as each segment of assembly and inspection was completed, vehicles were moved by hand to different assembly stations. Following the 1957 withdrawal of the Mark II, the facility was repurposed, becoming the headquarters of Edsel. Today, the facility is used by as the Ford Vehicle Operations General Office and New Model Programs Development Center, used to develop new vehicles and their manufacturing.

In total, 3,000 Continental Mark IIs were produced (in addition to three prototypes). While the hardtop convertible never reached production, two 1956 Mark IIs were converted to convertibles on an official basis. One was converted by Hess & Eisenhardt, while another was converted by Derham Body Company. The latter car was given to the wife of William Clay Ford as a personal vehicle; initially painted white, it was later painted sky blue.

Continental Mk. II production numbers[17]
1956 2,419
1957 572
Total 3,005*

* There were additionally three prototype cars: numbers 500, 501, and 502F. The first two were scrapped in June 1956, and the third car survives today. along with 11 pre production cars. The serial numbers for production cars ran from 975 to 3989.

Appearances in media

The Continental Mark II was featured in the 1956 film High Society, starring Frank Sinatra,Bing Crosby, Grace Kelly, and Louis Armstrong.

After its sale to George Barris, the 1955 Lincoln Futura concept car (which used a Mark II chassis and powertrain) was converted to become the Batmobile for the namesake 1960s TV series.

Legacy

While the Mark II two-door hardtop was the exclusive model line produced by Continental, several elements of the Mark II would live on in other Ford Motor Company vehicles. While the Continental retractable hardtop never saw production, the top mechanism would be utilized in the 1957-1959 Ford Skyliner; the mechanism also would see use by the 1961-1967 Lincoln Continental and the 1961-1966 Ford Thunderbird.[5]

As part of the Lincoln brand history, the Continental Mark II is the beginning of the Mark series (with two successors in its model history), introducing the integrated "Continental tire". The four-point star emblem of Lincoln debuted on the Mark II and has remained in use on Lincoln vehicles since 1958.

Today, approximately half of the original circa 3,000 cars still exist in various states of repair; an active Mark II owners' club exists.[18] Prices range between $15,000 for a running example in poor repair to $120,000 in concours condition.

From a contemporary vantage point, it can be argued that the Continental Mark II was successful at proving what it was intended to: that a 1950s American manufacturer could produce an owner-driver automobile on a par with the grand cars of the 1930s (or any contemporary equivalent in a European Gran Turismo), such as the Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud, Bentley Continental, Jaguar Mk VIII, or Mercedes-Benz 300d "Adenauer". As a result of its hand-built manufacturing, the Mark II could not be manufactured at a profit in a poor economy, leading to its withdrawal.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Flory, Jr., J. "Kelly" (2008). American Cars, 1946-1959 Every Model Every Year. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7864-3229-5.
  2. 1 2 Bonsall, Thomas E. (2004). The Lincoln Story: The Postwar Years. Stanford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780804749411.
  3. 1 2 Bonsall, Thomas E. (2004). The Lincoln Story: The Postwar Years. Stanford University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780804749411.
  4. ↑ "Reminiscences of Robert McGuffey Thomas". Autolife.umd.umich.edu. Retrieved 2011-07-22.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bonsall, Thomas E. (2004). The Lincoln Story: The Postwar Years. Stanford University Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780804749411.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bonsall, Thomas E. (2004). The Lincoln Story: The Postwar Years. Stanford University Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780804749411.
  7. 1 2 3 Introduction of Mark II
  8. 1 2 Clymer, Floyd (1963). The Lincoln Continental.
  9. ↑ the Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (2007-10-31). "HowStuffWorks "1956 Continental Mark II Convertible"". Auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
  10. ↑ "1956 Continental Mark II Images, Information and History (Lincoln Continental Mark II, MK2)". Conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Bonsall, Thomas E. (2004). The Lincoln Story: The Postwar Years. Stanford University Press. p. 58. ISBN 9780804749411.
  12. ↑ Bonsall, Thomas E. (2004). The Lincoln Story: The Postwar Years. Stanford University Press. p. 58. ISBN 9780804749411.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Bonsall, Thomas E. (2004). The Lincoln Story: The Postwar Years. Stanford University Press. pp. 59–62. ISBN 9780804749411.
  14. ↑ Bridge of Weir Iconic cars
  15. ↑ http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z11093/Lincoln-Continental-Mark-III.aspx
  16. ↑ "All the Makes: Cadillac to Cunningham". Uniquecarsandparts.com.au. Retrieved 2011-07-22.
  17. ↑ Bonsall, Thomas E. (2004). The Lincoln Story: The Postwar Years. Stanford University Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 9780804749411.
  18. ↑ "Lincoln & Continental Owners Club". Lcoc.org. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
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