Danxia landform

Red Cliff

The Danxia landform (Chinese: 丹霞地貌; pinyin: dānxiá dìmào) refers to various landscapes found in southeast, southwest and northwest China that "consist of a red bed characterized by steep cliffs".[1] It is a unique type of petrographic geomorphology found in China. Danxia landform is formed from red-coloured sandstones and conglomerates of largely Cretaceous age. The landforms look very much like karst topography that forms in areas underlain by limestones, but since the rocks that form danxia are sandstones and conglomerates, they have been called "pseudo-karst" landforms. They were formed by endogenous forces (including uplift) and exogenous forces (including weathering and erosion).[2]

The first studies on what are now referred to as Danxia landforms were conducted at Mount Danxia near Shaoguan, China. In the 1920s and 1930s Chinese geologists made an effort to learn more about these interesting geomorphic structures.[3] Danxia landforms are made up uplifted continental crust that has been faulted and eroded, exposing large scarps of layered rock, red in color.[4]

Danxia landforms cover several provinces in southeast China. Taining County, Fujian Province, has very good examples of "young" danxia landforms wherein deep, narrow valleys have been formed. As the landform gets older, valleys widen and one gets isolated towers and ridges.The danxia landform is named after Mount Danxia, one of the most famous examples of the danxia landform. A very peculiar feature of danxia landscape is the development of numerous caves of various sizes and shapes. The caves tend to be shallow and isolated, unlike true karst terrain where caves tend to form deep, interconnecting networks. In 2010, several danxia landscapes in southern China, with a general name of "China Danxia", were inscribed as a World Heritage Site.[5] The six inscribed danxia landform areas are: Mount Langshan and Mount Wanfo (Hunan Province), Mount Danxia (Guangdong Province), Taining and Mount Guanzhi (Fujian Province), Mount Longhu and Guifeng (Jiangxi Province), Fangyan, Mount Jianglang (Zhejiang Province), and Mount Chishui (Guizhou Province). The total core area of 6 regions above is 73945 ha (182,722 acres), and the total buffer area is 65446 ha (161,720 acres).[1] Other notable danxia areas, such as Zhangye Danxia National Geological Park, are not included in the World Heritage Site.

Geology

Around 80 million years ago (Ma) cretaceous red sandstone and conglomerate was laid down by sedimentation from the lakes and streams.[6] After another 15 million years, tectonic plate movements created many faults.[6] About 23 Ma, movement of the Himalayan range disturbed the land around the Danxia landform in the Guangdong Province of China uplifting and completely changing the topography of the area.[6] Over millions of years the steep cliffs that can be seen today, exposed by faults, were formed through weathering and erosion. This geology can be seen at Danxiashan Geopark in China, where there is about 290 square kilometers of streams, forest and towering danxian rock formations.[6]

Studies

In an effort to learn more about danxia topography, a study on the geomorphology of an area in China was conducted. Mount Danxia was the focus of the research, taking Digital Elevation Matrix (DEM) based data from many watersheds and basins in the area.[4] Understanding the hydrology of the area can tell a lot about the nearby formations. For example, "localized erosion has enhanced deepening of existing fractures rather than lateral erosion to form deep and narrow valleys, while long-term erosion provided large and gentle watersheds."[4] This study used ArcGIS. These scientists took maps of the area and overlaid certain features they wanted to measure, such as stream length and size.

China Danxia

Danxia landform
UNESCO World Heritage site
Location China
Criteria Natural: (vii), (viii)
Reference 1335
Inscription 2010 (34th Session)
Area 82,151 ha (203,000 acres)
Buffer zone 218,357 ha (539,570 acres)
Website www.dxdm.com/En/index.aspx
Coordinates 28°25′19″N 106°2′33″E / 28.42194°N 106.04250°E / 28.42194; 106.04250Coordinates: 28°25′19″N 106°2′33″E / 28.42194°N 106.04250°E / 28.42194; 106.04250
Location of Danxia landform in Earth

China Danxia, or Danxia landform of China, is a subset of the Danxia landforms which, in August 2010, entered the World Heritage List.[7][8][9]

Serial ID NumberName & LocationCoordinatesAreaPhoto
1335-001Chishui - West Section28°22′11″N 105°47′39″E / 28.36972°N 105.79417°E / 28.36972; 105.79417Property: 10142 Ha
Buffer zone: Ha
1335-002Chishui - East Section28°25′19″N 106°02′33″E / 28.42194°N 106.04250°E / 28.42194; 106.04250Property: 17222 Ha
Buffer zone: Ha
1335-003Taining - North Section27°00′37″N 117°13′07″E / 27.01028°N 117.21861°E / 27.01028; 117.21861Property: 5277 Ha
Buffer zone: Ha
1335-004Taining -South Section26°51′56″N 117°02′22″E / 26.86556°N 117.03944°E / 26.86556; 117.03944Property: 5810 Ha
Buffer zone: Ha
1335-005Langshan26°20′24″N 110°46′45″E / 26.34000°N 110.77917°E / 26.34000; 110.77917Property: 6600 Ha
Buffer zone: 6200 Ha
1335-006Danxiashan24°57′55″N 113°42′12″E / 24.96528°N 113.70333°E / 24.96528; 113.70333Property: 16800 Ha
Buffer zone: 12400 Ha
1335-007Longhushan: Longhushan Section28°04′15″N 116°59′05″E / 28.07083°N 116.98472°E / 28.07083; 116.98472Property: 16950 Ha
Buffer zone: Ha
1335-008Longhushan: Guifeng Section28°19′03″N 117°25′10″E / 28.31750°N 117.41944°E / 28.31750; 117.41944Property: 2740 Ha
Buffer zone: Ha
1335-009Jianglangshan28°22′11″N 105°47′39″E / 28.36972°N 105.79417°E / 28.36972; 105.79417Property: 610 Ha
Buffer zone: 571 Ha

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Danxia Landform of China". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-12-16.
  2. ↑ China Danxia
  3. ↑ "Danxia Geomorphology" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-10-10.
  4. 1 2 3 Zhang, Hayakawa, Wen, Yuichi. "DEM and GIS based Morphometric and Topographic Profile Analyses of Danxia Landforms" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-10-10.
  5. ↑ China danxia landform proclaimed world heritage
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Danxiashan Geopark". Retrieved 2013-10-10.
  7. ↑ China's unique red rock landform included on World Heritage List
  8. ↑ China's Shaolin Temple, Danxia Landform Added To World Heritage Sites
  9. ↑ China Danxia. UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
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