Chevrolet Corvette (C4)

Chevrolet Corvette (C4)
1996 Corvette Grand Sport
Overview
Manufacturer The Chevrolet Division of General Motors
Production January 3, 1983–June 20, 1996
Model years 1984–1996
Assembly United States: Bowling Green, Kentucky
Designer Jerry Palmer (1980)[1]
Body and chassis
Class Sports car (S)
Body style
Layout FMR layout
Platform Y-body
Related
Powertrain
Engine
  • 350 cu in (5.7 L) L83 V8
  • 350 cu in (5.7 L) L98 V8
  • 350 cu in (5.7 L) LT1 V8
  • 350 cu in (5.7 L) LT4 V8
  • 350 cu in (5.7 L) LT5 V8
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase 96.2 in (2,440 mm)
Length 176.5 in (4,480 mm) (1984–1989)
Width 71.0 in (1,800 mm) (1984–1992)
Height
  • Coupe: 46.7 in (1,190 mm) (1984–1992)
  • Convertible: 46.4 in (1,180 mm) (1984–1992)
Curb weight 3,239 lb (1,469 kg)
Chronology
Predecessor Chevrolet Corvette (C3)
Successor Chevrolet Corvette (C5)

The Chevrolet Corvette (C4) was a sports car produced by Chevrolet from 1984 to 1996. The convertible returned, as did higher performance engines, exemplified by the 375 hp (280 kW) LT5 found in the ZR-1. In early March 1990, the ZR-1 would set a new record for the highest 24 hour-5,000 mile land-speed by going over 175 mph (282 km/h).[2] Prices rose and sales declined, in spite of a completely new chassis, modern sleeker styling, and other improvements to the model. The last C4 was produced on June 20, 1996.[3]

Overview

1985 Chevrolet Corvette C4
rear view with an aftermarket rear wing

The C4 Corvette represented a clean break from the Zora Arkus-Duntov-designed C3, with a completely new chassis and sleeker, more modern but still evolutionary styling. It was the work of a team under chief Corvette designer Dave McLellan, who'd taken over from Duntov in 1975. In a departure from the fiberglass panels of its forebearers, the C4's rear bumpers and panels were made from molding plastics, a sheet molding compound. The C4 fastback coupe was the first general production Corvette to have a glass hatchback (the limited edition 1982 Collector Edition being the first Corvette equipped with this feature) for better storage access. The Corvette C4 came standard with an electronic dashboard with a digital liquid crystal display dash, with graphics for speed and RPM and digital displays for other important engine functions.

Since emissions regulations were still changing and electronic engine management was in its infancy, horsepower was, compared to earlier generations, low. Therefore, the primary design emphasis, at least for the launch, was on handling and braking, with all-independent suspension with light-weight suspension and wheels, and all new brakes with aluminum calipers. The front suspension saw the C3's coil springs replaced by a transverse fiberglass mono-leaf spring, which was only 1/3 of the weight of the coil springs while also introducing an anti-roll bar-like effect on the front.[4] The price of this no-holds-barred emphasis on handling was ride comfort, especially with the Z51 performance and handling package. The C4 did not use separate body-on-frame construction like its predecessors. Instead, it used what GM termed a "uniframe", which consisted of a traditional perimeter frame, with the door posts, windshield frame, halo, and the rear portion of the floor pan integrated into one welded assembly. This was not a unibody assembly, as none of the exterior body panels were structural members. Due to a styling decision to use a targa top instead of T-tops, there was no structural member tying the windshield frame to the halo as on the C3. This required extremely tall side rails on the frame to maintain chassis rigidity, and as a result, the door sills were quite deep, with entry and exit likened by contemporary auto journals to a "fall in and climb out" experience. The targa top bolted into place, becoming a structural component, rather than simply latching on like T-tops. Despite the tall frame rails, the C4 was prone to rattles and squeaks, especially with the targa top removed. The emergency brake, located between the door sill and the drivers seat, was moved lower and toward the rear of the car in 1988 for easier entry and exit.

The interior and dashboard of a 1986 Corvette C4 Coupe with grey upholstery

From 1984 through 1988, the Corvette was available with a Doug Nash "4+3" transmission - a 4-speed manual coupled to an automatic overdrive on the top three gears. This unusual transmission was a synergy that allowed Corvette to keep a stout 4 speed, but add an overdrive. As technology progressed, it was replaced by a modern ZF 6-speed manual. However, the C4 performance was hampered by its L98 250 hp (186 kW) engine until 1992, when the second-generation Chevy small block, the 300 hp (224 kW) hp LT1, was introduced, markedly improving the C4's performance. 1996 was a high point of small block Chevrolet development and the 330 hp (246 kW) LT4 was introduced in all six-speed manual transmission cars. The LT4 produced maximum horsepower at 5,800 rpm and 340 lb-ft of torque at 4,500 rpm. While the LT4 was available in any Corvette, it was highlighted in the '96 Grand Sport package.[5]

The 1986 Corvette saw the reintroduction of the convertible and was named as the Pace Car for the Indianapolis 500. 1986 also saw the introduction of the Pass Key I passive anti-theft system, wherein each key contained a special pellet that could be detected and identified by the car's computer system by detecting electrical resistance. Being early in the rollout of this new technology, there were only 15 different resistance values available, which, once thieves discovered this weakness, markedly reduced the value of this early system.

43 Corvettes were manufactured with a 1983 Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), but none were released to the public as official production vehicles. All were destroyed except one, VIN 1G1AY0783D5100023 (white with medium blue interior), L83 350 cu in (5.7 L), 205 hp (153 kW) V8, 4-speed automatic transmission and was retired to the National Corvette Museum in Bowling Green, Kentucky. (MY1984 Corvettes were produced for 17 months.)

ZR-1 (1990–1995)

1990 Corvette ZR-1
5.7 L (350 cu in) LT5 V8 in a C4 ZR-1
1995 Corvette ZR1 Window Sticker

General Motors acquired Group Lotus, a UK based engineering consulting and performance car manufacturing firm, during 1986. The Corvette division approached Lotus with the idea of developing the world's fastest production car, to be based on the C4 generation Corvette. With input from GM, Lotus designed a new engine to fit in place of the L98 V8 that was powering the standard C4.[6] The result was what GM dubbed the LT5, an aluminum-block V-8 with the same bore centers as the L98, but with four overhead camshafts and 32 valves. Lotus also designed a unique air management system for the engine to provide a wider power band by shutting off 8 of the 16 intake runners and fuel injectors when the engine was at part-throttle, while still giving the ZR-1 375 hp (280 kW) when at wide open throttle. In addition to the engine, Lotus helped GM design the ZR-1's (which in prototype version was called "King of the Hill"[7]) upgraded braking and steering systems, and helped them pick the settings for the standard "FX3" adjustable active ride control that Chevrolet was fitting to the car, helping to ensure that the vehicle was more than just a modern-day muscle car with a big engine and no real capability on the track.

GM found that the engine required special assembly, and that neither the Corvette plant in Bowling Green, Kentucky nor any of their normal production facilities could handle the workload, so Mercury Marine corporation of Stillwater, Oklahoma was contracted to assemble the engines and ship them to the Corvette factory in Bowling Green where the ZR-1s were being assembled.

The vehicle went on sale in 1990 and was available only as a fastback coupe. It was distinguishable from other Corvette coupes by its wider tail section, 11" wide rear wheels and its new convex rear fascia with four square shaped taillight.

The ZR-1 displayed ability both in terms of acceleration and handling capabilities, but carried a huge price with it for such performance. MSRP for the (375 hp) ZR-1 in 1990 was $58,995,[8] almost twice the cost of a (250 hp) non-ZR-1,[9] and had increased to $66,278 by 1995; some dealers successfully marked units as high as $100,000. Even at base MSRP, the ZR-1 was competing in the same price bracket as cars like the Porsche 964, making it hard to sell for the GM dealers.

1992 Corvette ZR1

In 1991, the ZR-1 and base model received updates to body work, interior, and wheels. The rear convex fascia that set the 1990 ZR-1 apart from the base model found its way to all models, making the high-priced ZR-1 even less distinguishable. Further changes were made in 1992, including extra ZR-1 badges on the fenders and the introduction of Acceleration Slip Regulation (ASR) or traction control. For model year 1993, Lotus design modifications were made to the cylinder heads, exhaust system and valvetrain of the LT5, bringing horsepower up from 375 to 405 hp (380 to 411 PS; 280 to 302 kW) at 5800 rpm and 385 lb⋅ft (522 N⋅m) of torque at 5200 rpm.[10] In addition, a new exhaust gas recirculation system improved emissions control. The model remained nearly unchanged into the 1995 model year, after which the ZR-1 was discontinued as the result of waning interest, development of the LS series engines, cost and the coming of the C5 generation. A total of 6,939 ZR-1s were manufactured over the six-year period. Not until the debut of the C5 platform Z06 in 2001 would Chevrolet have another production Corvette capable of matching the ZR-1's performance.

Although the ZR-1 was extremely quick for its time (0-60 mph (97 km/h) in 4.4 seconds, and onto over 180 mph (290 km/h)), the huge performance of the LT5 engine was matched by its robustness. As evidence of this, a stock ZR-1 set seven international and world records at a test track in Fort Stockton, Texas on March 1, 1990, verified by the FIA (Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile) for the group II, class 11 category:[11][12]

  • 100 miles (160 km) at 175.600 mph (282.601 km/h)
  • 500 miles (800 km) at 175.503 mph (282.445 km/h)
  • 1,000 miles (1,600 km) at 174.428 mph (280.715 km/h)
  • 5,000 km (3,100 mi) at 175.710 mph (282.778 km/h) (World Record)
  • 5,000 miles (8,000 km) at 173.791 mph (279.690 km/h) (World Record)
  • 12 Hours Endurance at 175.523 mph (282.477 km/h)
  • 24 Hours Endurance at 175.885 mph (283.059 km/h) for 4,221.256 miles (6,793.453 km) (World Record)

These records were later broken by the Volkswagen W12, a one-off concept car that never went into production.

ZR-1 Active Suspension prototype (1990)

1990 Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1 Active Suspension prototype

It was based on the ZR-1, but it includes active hydraulic suspension found in GTP Corvette race car. It was developed as a prototype for a limited edition run in the 1990 model year.[13]

25 active suspension vehicles were built at the Bowling Green Plant.[14]

A prototype was sold in 2009 at the Barrett-Jackson Palm Beach auction for $60,000 (before buyer premium).[15][16]

B2K Callaway Twin-Turbo

In 1987, the factory B2K option appeared at dealers. The option's price was almost equal to the base price of the Corvette.

The Callaway Corvette was a Regular Production Option (RPO) B2K, the only time in Chevrolet's history a specialist manufacturer was entrusted with a technically advanced high performance RPO. The B2K option was critical in bringing a select few Corvettes to a higher performance level. Although often compared with Chevrolet's ZR-1 option, they were simply two different approaches to solving the issue of bringing a higher performance Corvette to market. The early B2K's produced 345 hp (257 kW) and 450 lb⋅ft (610 N⋅m) of torque. The later B2K's produced 450 hp (336 kW) and 613 lb⋅ft (831 N⋅m) of torque.

A derivative of the Twin Turbo Corvette, the 880 hp (656 kW) Callaway SledgeHammer, recorded a speed of 254.76 mph (410.00 km/h) on Ohio's Transportation Research Center track making it the fastest road-going car at the time.[17]

Special editions

Pace Car Convertible

1986 Convertible Indy 500 Pace Car edition

A yellow convertible was the pace car for the 1986 Indianapolis 500 race. This marked the return of the convertible body style, absent from the Corvette lineup since 1975. All 7,315 1986 convertible Corvettes (all exterior colors) had "Indy 500 Pace Car" console identification.

35th Anniversary

The 1988 35th Anniversary edition, also known as the "Triple White Corvette" is a white Corvette fastback coupe with white wheels and white interior (including seats & steering wheel). It also features a removable black top and came equipped with everything, including its own unique emblems. The 35th Anniversary car is the 2nd Serialized Corvette in the production history of the C4 Corvette, with each car receiving an engraved number plaque on the console. There were 2050 cars built and a quoted 180 of these were Manual Transmission cars, making this a rare and collectible Corvette.

In 2009, the Barrett-Jackson's Palm Beach auction house offered an original, first-owned Z01-optioned 35th Anniversary Corvette with only 682 miles (1,098 km). The 350/245 engine was coupled to a rare 4-speed manual transmission (MMF), an option chosen by only 19% of the owners. For 21 years, the car was stored in a climate controlled environment. The car was sold for a price of $41,250 including commission. This easily beats the high price for a 35th Anniversary edition of $32,100 at an RM Auction held in 1998 in Monterey.[18]

40th Anniversary

1993 40th Anniversary Convertible

The 1993 40th Anniversary package was available on all models. It included Ruby Red metallic paint and Ruby Red leather sport seats, along with special trim and emblems. 6,749 were sold at an additional cost of $1,455. All leather seats have the 40th emblem embroidered due to an error on the drawings sent to the seat supplier.

Brickyard 400 Festival/Parade Car

In 1994 twenty five (25) Corvette Convertibles were delivered to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway for use in the inaugural running of the Brickyard 400. The Corvettes were primarily used to introduce the 43 NASCAR drivers in a parade lap prior to the start of the race during driver introductions. There were thirteen Red and twelve Black convertibles used, and most carried two drivers on the lap, with their names displayed on the hoods. They also carried civil, NASCAR, and Manufacturer dignitaries on other parade laps, people like "the King" Richard Petty and Bobby Allison, and Mayor Goldsmith of Indianapolis. It is unknown how many of these cars still exist in "full dress" since many dealers just removed the graphics when they received the cars after the race.

Indy Pace Car

1995 Corvette Indy 500 Pace Car edition (convertible)

In 1995 a C4 convertible was again the pace car for the Indianapolis 500, and a special pace car edition was offered. 527 were built.

Grand Sport

1996 Corvette Grand Sport Convertible

Chevrolet released the Grand Sport (GS) version in 1996 to mark the end of production of the C4 Corvette. The Grand Sport moniker is a nod to the original Grand Sport model produced in 1963. A total of 1,000 GS Corvettes were produced, 810 coupes and 190 convertibles. The 1996 GS came with the high-performance LT4 V8 engine, producing 330 hp (246 kW) and 340 lb⋅ft (461 N⋅m) of torque. The Grand Sport came only in Admiral Blue with a white stripe down the middle, 5-spoke black wheels, two red "hash marks" on the front driver's side wheel arch and special seat trim providing a distinctive look. The Grand Sport also has wider tires and the coupes were outfitted with small rear fender flares.

Collector Edition

The 1996 Collector Edition was the last of the C4 Corvettes, just as the 1982 Collector Edition was the last of the C3s. It included Sebring Silver paint, silver 5-spoke alloy wheels, special emblems and seat trim. Of the 5,412 built, 4,031 were coupes and 1,381 were convertibles. It cost $1,250 more than the base model Corvette.

Production notes

YearProductionBase PriceNotes
198451,547$21,800L83 engine continued from 1982.
198539,729$24,891More powerful and fuel efficient L98 engine introduced.
198635,109$27,027First convertible since 1975-all 7,315 have Indy 500 pace car console id plaque. New were Third brake light, antilock brakes, electronic climate control, and key-code anti-theft system.
198730,632$27,999V8 engine now has roller hydraulic lifters increasing HP to 240. Callaway twin-turbo offered through dealers with GM warranty.
198822,789$29,480Changes in suspension. New wheel design. All white 35th Anniversary special edition coupe.
198926,412$32,045ZF 6-speed manual replaces Doug Nash 4+3.
199023,646$32,479ZR-1 is introduced with DOHC LT5 engine. Interior redesigned to incorporate driver's-side air bag. New optional Delco/Bose "Gold" 200 watt six-speaker sound system.
199120,639$33,005Restyled exterior. Last year for the Callaway B2K twin turbo.
199220,479$33,635New LT1 engine replaces the L98. Traction control is standard.
199321,590$34,595Passive keyless entry is a new standard feature. 40th Anniversary special edition.
199423,330$36,185New interior including passenger airbag. LT1 receives mass air flow sequential fuel injection.
199520,742$36,785Last year of the ZR-1. Minor exterior restyling. Indy Pace Car special edition.
199621,536$37,225Optional LT4 engine with 330 hp (246 kW). Collector Edition and Grand Sport special editions. First year with OBD II diagnostics. Selective Real Time Damping is a new option.
Total358,180

Engines

Engine Year Power Torque
5.7 L (350 cu in) L83 V81984205 hp (153 kW)290 lb⋅ft (393 N⋅m)
5.7 L (350 cu in) L98 V81985–1986230 hp (172 kW)330 lb⋅ft (447 N⋅m)
1987–1989240 hp (179 kW)345 lb⋅ft (468 N⋅m)
1987 (B2K Callaway)345 hp (257 kW)465 lb⋅ft (630 N⋅m)
1988–1989 (auto coupes with 3.07 rear)245 hp (183 kW)345 lb⋅ft (468 N⋅m)
1988–1989 (B2K Callaway)382 hp (285 kW)562 lb⋅ft (762 N⋅m)
1990–1991245 hp (183 kW)345 lb⋅ft (468 N⋅m)
1990–1991 (auto coupes with 3.07 rear)250 hp (186 kW)345 lb⋅ft (468 N⋅m)
1990–1991 (B2K Callaway)403 hp (301 kW)575 lb⋅ft (780 N⋅m)
5.7 L (350 cu in) LT5 V81990–1992375 hp (280 kW)370 lb⋅ft (502 N⋅m)
1993–1995405 hp (302 kW)385 lb⋅ft (522 N⋅m)
5.7 L (350 cu in) LT1 V81992300 hp (224 kW)330 lb⋅ft (447 N⋅m)
1993–1995300 hp (224 kW)340 lb⋅ft (461 N⋅m)
1996300 hp (224 kW)335 lb⋅ft (454 N⋅m)
5.7 L (350 cu in) LT4 V81996 (with manual transmission)330 hp (246 kW)340 lb⋅ft (461 N⋅m)

Concept cars

CERV III

1986 Corvette Indy Prototype, later known as the CERV III

In June 1985, Chevrolet Chief Engineer Don Runkle and Lotus' Tony Rudd discussed creating a new show car to show off their engineering expertise. The project would become the CERV III (Corporate Engineering Research Vehicle III). It was first unveiled in Detroit Automobile Show in January 1986 as Corvette Indy prototype car.

ZR2

Corvette ZR2 "Big Dog"

Also called 'Big Dog', it is a concept model based on a C4 Corvette, but with a much larger 7.4 L (454 cu in) big block OHV V8 engine with multi-port fuel injection similar to the tuned port injection found on the 1985-1991 base model and a 6-speed manual transmission.[19][20]

The vehicle was built by Corvette Development Engineering as a development car to study the possibility of achieving the performance of the ZR-1 while reducing cost by utilizing a big block engine. The engine was rated at 400 hp (406 PS; 298 kW).[21]

The prototype vehicle was sold in 2009 at the Barrett-Jackson Collector Car Auction for US$65,000.[22]

Racing

Corvette GTP (IMSA)

As part of GM's initiative to promote the new C4 Corvette, they funded a program in the IMSA GT Championship to run a GTP-class prototype under the Corvette name, mostly run by Hendrick Motorsports. Although the Corvette GTP actually shared very little with the production C4 Corvette, including the lack of a V8* engine in some races, it did use some styling cues. The project lasted until 1988 with mixed success.

* Note: The final Corvette GTP built (HU8811.01) as raced by Peerless Racing underwent extensive wind tunnel testing by GM, with many of the 'aero' developments (such as the short tail design) being used in later production C4's. The Peerless GTP Corvette also went back to the V-8 small block engine from the turbo V-6. This final GTP Corvette (Peerless) was driven by Hobbs, Baldwin, Villeneuve & Goodyear in IMSA before having the BBC based Eagle (10.2) engine installed to take to Le Mans in 1990.

Le Mans

The C4 also made an appearance in international sports car endurance racing in a project orchestrated by former Corvette Cup driver Doug Rippie. The car, based on the ZR1 trim C4, competed in the popular GT1 class in 1995 at Le Mans and Sebring, where it momentarily led.[23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "JERRY PALMER – GM/CHEVROLET – 2000 CORVETTE HALL OF FAME". Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  2. ↑ "ZR-1 Net webpage (with copy of FiA record document)". Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  3. ↑ Editors of Consumer Guide (2003). Corvette 50th Anniversary Chapter 1984-2006. Lincolnwood, Illinois: Publications International, Ltd. ISBN 0-7853-7987-8.
  4. ↑ 2014 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Z51 Suspension Walkaround
  5. ↑ Bolig A (2010). "1996 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport - The Grandest Of Options". Super Chevy. Dec 4.
  6. ↑ Daniel Charles Ross (September 1995). "The story behind the LT5 engine". Car and Driver. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  7. ↑ 988 ZR1 Prototype UK Graveyard Car on Corvetteforum.com
  8. ↑ "1990 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 Pricing and Values". NADAguides.com.
  9. ↑ McCraw, Jim. "Inside the History of Corvette's ZR1". Popular Mechanics (Online). Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  10. ↑ "Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1, 1993 MY 1YZ07 US". Carfolio.com. 2013-02-28. Retrieved 2018-09-11.
  11. ↑ "ZR-1 Net Registry". Retrieved 2015-07-17.
  12. ↑ "FIA Category A records" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-07-17.
  13. ↑ "Harlan Charles Shows Us The C4 Corvette ZR1 Active Suspension Prototype". Jalopnik.com. 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
  14. ↑ "1990 Chevy Corvette ZR-1 Prototype - Back To The Future". Gmhightechperformance.automotive.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  15. ↑ "Prototype Corvette ZR-1 Leads Day One Barrett-Jackson Bidding". Automotive.speedtv.com. 2009-01-14. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
  16. ↑ "Barrett-Jackson Lot: 676.1 - 1990 CHEVROLET CORVETTE ZR-1 "ACTIVE" PROTOTYPE". Barrett-jackson.com. 2009-11-27. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
  17. ↑ "Callaway Corvette Sledgehammer". topspeed. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  18. ↑ "Auction Results: 1988 35th Anniversary Corvette Sells For Record High — Corvette: Sales, News & Lifestyle". Corvetteblogger.com. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
  19. ↑ "1989 Chevrolet Corvette ZR2 Roadster". Trombinoscar.com. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
  20. ↑ "C4 Corvette Performance Rebuild - Why Ask Y?". Carcraft.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
  21. ↑ Re: TECH: GM Heritage Collection Sales at Barrett-Jackson
  22. ↑ "1989 Corvette ZR-2 Sells at 2009 Barrett-Jackson". Corvetteblogger.com. 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
  23. ↑ http://badboyvettes.com/169

Further reading

  • Mueller, Mike (2004). "1975-96: Chevrolet's Fiberglass Legacy Rolls On". Corvette. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7603-1968-0.
  • Newton, Richard (2003). 101 Projects for Your Corvette 1984-1996. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7603-1461-6.
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