Changeling

Cornwall

The Mên-an-Tol stones in Cornwall are supposed to have a fairy or pixie guardian who can make miraculous cures. In one case a changeling baby was put through the stone in order for the mother to get the real child back. Evil pixies had changed her child and the ancient stones were able to reverse their evil spell.^[8]

Germany

In Germany, the changeling is known as Wechselbalg,^[9] Wechselkind,^[10] Kielkropf or Dickkopf (the last both hinting at the huge necks and heads of changelings).^[9]

Several methods are known in Germany to identify a changeling and to replace it with the real child:

• confusing the changeling by cooking or brewing in eggshells. This nonsense will force the changeling to speak, revealing its true age.^[9]
• trying to burn the changeling in the oven^[11]
• hitting^[11] or whipping^[10] the changeling

Sometimes the changeling has to be fed with a woman's milk before replacing the children.^[10]

In German folklore, several possible parents are known for changelings. Those are:

• the devil,^[9] a belief shared by Martin Luther^[3]
• a female dwarf^[11]
• a water spirit^[12]
• a Roggenmuhme/Roggenmutter ("Rye Aunt"/"Rye Mother", a demonic woman living in cornfields and stealing human children)^[13]

Ireland

In Ireland, looking at a baby with envy – "over looking the baby" – was dangerous, as it endangered the baby, who was then in the fairies' power.^[14] So too was admiring or envying a woman or man dangerous, unless the person added a blessing; the able-bodied and beautiful were in particular danger. Women were especially in danger in liminal states: being a new bride, or a new mother.^[15]

Putting a changeling in a fire would cause it to jump up the chimney and return the human child, but at least one tale recounts a mother with a changeling finding that a fairy woman came to her home with the human child, saying the other fairies had done the exchange, and she wanted her own baby.^[14] The tale of surprising a changeling into speech – by brewing eggshells – is also told in Ireland, as in Wales.^[16]

Belief in changelings endured in parts of Ireland until as late as 1895, when Bridget Cleary was killed by her husband who believed her to be a changeling.

Changelings, in some instances, were regarded not as substituted fairy children but instead old fairies brought to the human world to die.

The modern Irish girl's name, Siofra, means an elvish or changeling child, it derives from Síobhra(í) meaning fairy(/fairies). The Aos sí, siabhra (commonly anglicised as "sheevra"), may be prone to evil and mischief.^[17][18] However an Ulster folk song also uses "sheevra" simply to mean "spirit" or "fairy".^[19]

The Isle of Man

The Isle of Man had a wide collection of myths and superstitions concerning fairies, and there are numerous folk tales that have been collected concerning supposed changelings. Sophia Morrison, in her "Manx Fairy Tales" (David Nutt, London, 1911) includes the tale of "The Fairy Child of Close ny Lheiy", a tale of a child supposedly swapped by the fairies for a loud and unruly fairy child. The English poet and topographer George Waldron, who lived in the Isle of Man during the early 18th century, cites a tale of a reputed changeling that was shown to him, possibly a child with an inherited genetic disorder :

"Nothing under heaven could have a more beautiful face; but though between five and six years old, and seemingly healthy, he was so far from being able to walk, or stand, that he could not so much as move any one joint; his limbs were vastly long for his age, but smaller than an infant's of six months; his complexion was perfectly delicate, and he had the finest hair in the world; he never spoke, nor cried, ate scarcely anything, and was very seldom seen to smile, but if any one called him a fairy-elf, he would frown and fix his eyes so earnestly on those who said it, as if he would look them through. His mother, or at least his supposed mother, being very poor, frequently went out a-charing, and left him a whole day together. The neighbours, out of curiosity, have often looked in at the window to see how he behaved when alone, which, whenever they did, they were sure to find him laughing and in the utmost delight. This made them judge that he was not without company more pleasing to him than any mortal's could be; and what made this conjecture seem the more reasonable was, that if he were left ever so dirty, the woman at her return saw him with a clean face, and his hair combed with the utmost exactness and nicety."

Lowland Scotland and Northern England

In the Anglo-Scottish border region it was believed that elves (or fairies) lived in "Elf Hills" (or "Fairy Hills"). Along with this belief in supernatural beings was the view that they could spirit away children, and even adults, and take them back to their own world (see Elfhame).^[20][21] Often, it was thought, a baby would be snatched and replaced with a simulation of the baby, usually a male adult elf, to be suckled by the mother.^[20] The real baby would be treated well by the elves and would grow up to be one of them, where as the changeling baby would be discontented and wearisome.^[21] Many herbs, salves and seeds could be used for discovering the fairy-folk and ward off their designs.^[21]

In one tale a mother suspected that her baby had been taken and replaced with a changeling, a view that was proven to be correct one day when a neighbour ran into the house shouting "Come here and ye'll se a sight! Yonder's the Fairy Hill a' alowe." To which the elf got up saying "Waes me! What'll come o' me wife and bairns?" and made his way out of the chimney.^[20]

At Byerholm near Newcastleton in Liddesdale sometime during the early 19th century, a dwarf called Robert Elliot or Little Hobbie o' The Castleton as he was known, was reputed to be a changeling. When taunted by other boys he would not hesitate to draw his gully (a large knife) and dispatch them, however being that he was woefully short in the legs they usually out-ran him and escaped. He was courageous however and when he heard that his neighbour, the six-foot three-inch (191 cm) William Scott of Kirndean, a sturdy and strong borderer, had slandered his name, he invited the man to his house, took him up the stairs and challenged him to a duel. Scott beat a hasty retreat.^[21]

Child ballad 40, The Queen of Elfland's Nourice, depicts the abduction of a new mother, drawing on the folklore of the changelings. Although it is fragmentary, it contains the mother's grief and the Queen of Elfland's promise to return her to her own child if she will nurse the queen's child until it can walk.^[22]

Poland

The Slavic spirit that exchanges the babies (making them into odmieńce) in the cradle is Mamuna or Boginki.^[23]

Scandinavia

Since most beings from Scandinavian folklore are said to be afraid of iron, Scandinavian parents often placed an iron item such as a pair of scissors or a knife on top of an unbaptized infant's cradle. It was believed that if a human child was taken in spite of such measures, the parents could force the return of the child by treating the changeling cruelly, using methods such as whipping or even inserting it in a heated oven. In at least one case, a woman was taken to court for having killed her child in an oven.^[24]

Painting by John Bauer of two trolls with a human child they have raised

In one Swedish changeling tale,^[25] the human mother is advised to brutalize the changeling so that the trolls will return her son, but she refuses, unable to mistreat an innocent child despite knowing its nature. When her husband demands she abandon the changeling, she refuses, and he leaves her – whereupon he meets their son in the forest, wandering free. The son explains that since his mother had never been cruel to the changeling, so the troll mother had never been cruel to him, and when she sacrificed what was dearest to her, her husband, they had realized they had no power over her and released him.

The tale is notably retold by Helena Nyblom as Bortbytingarna^[26] in the 1913 book Bland tomtar och troll.^[27] (which is depicted by the image), a princess is kidnapped by trolls and replaced with their own offspring against the wishes of the troll mother. The changelings grow up with their new parents, but both find it hard to adapt: the human girl is disgusted by her future bridegroom, a troll prince, whereas the troll girl is bored by her life and by her dull human future groom. Upset with the conditions of their lives, they both go astray in the forest, passing each other without noticing it. The princess comes to the castle whereupon the queen immediately recognizes her, and the troll girl finds a troll woman who is cursing loudly as she works. The troll girl bursts out that the troll woman is much more fun than any other person she has ever seen, and her mother happily sees that her true daughter has returned. Both the human girl and the troll girl marry happily the very same day.

Spain

In Asturias (North Spain) there is a legend about the Xana, a sort of nymph who used to live near rivers, fountains and lakes, sometimes helping travellers on their journeys. The Xanas were conceived as little female fairies with supernatural beauty. They could deliver babies, "xaninos," that were sometimes swapped with human babies in order to be baptized. The legend says that in order to distinguish a "xanino" from a human baby, some pots and egg shells should be put close to the fireplace; a xanino would say: "I was born one hundred years ago, and since then I have not seen so many egg shells near the fire!".

Wales

In Wales the changeling child (plentyn cael (sing.), plant cael (pl.)) initially resembles the human it substitutes, but gradually grows uglier in appearance and behaviour: ill-featured, malformed, ill-tempered, given to screaming and biting. It may be of less than usual intelligence, but again is identified by its more than childlike wisdom and cunning.

The common means employed to identify a changeling is to cook a family meal in an eggshell. The child will exclaim, "I have seen the acorn before the oak, but I never saw the likes of this," and vanish, only to be replaced by the original human child. Alternatively, or following this identification, it is supposedly necessary to mistreat the child by placing it in a hot oven, by holding it in a shovel over a hot fire, or by bathing it in a solution of foxglove.^[28]

Neurological differences

The reality behind many changeling legends was often the birth of deformed or developmentally disabled children. Among the diseases or disabilities with symptoms that match the description of changelings in various legends are spina bifida, cystic fibrosis, PKU, progeria, Down syndrome, homocystinuria, Williams syndrome, Hurler syndrome, Hunter syndrome, regressive autism, Prader-Willi Syndrome, and cerebral palsy. The greater incidence of birth defects in boys correlates to the belief that male infants were more likely to be taken.^[31] Psychologist Stuart Vyse writes that modern parents have higher expectations of childbirth and when "children don't meet these expectations, parents sometimes find a different demon to blame". When children appear to develop normally in their early years and then start to show symptoms of autism—a condition known as regressive autism—some parents have blamed vaccines because vaccination schedules happen close to the time children begin to show developmental changes.^[32]

As noted, it has been hypothesized that the changeling legend may have developed, or at least been used, to explain the peculiarities of children who did not develop normally, probably including all sorts of developmental delays and abnormalities. In particular, it has been suggested that autistic children would be likely to be labeled as changelings or elf-children due to their strange, sometimes inexplicable behavior. For example, this association might explain why fairies are often described as having an obsessive impulse to count things like handfuls of spilled seeds. This has found a place in autistic culture. Some autistic adults have come to identify with changelings (or other replacements, such as aliens) for this reason and their own feeling of being in a world where they do not belong and of practically not being the same species as the other people around them.^[33] (Compare the pseudoscientific New Age concept of indigo children.)

In nature

Parasitic cuckoo birds regularly practice brood parasitism, or non-reciprocal offspring-swapping. Rather than raising their young on their own, they will lay their egg in another's nest, leaving the burden on the unsuspecting parents which are of another species altogether. More often than not, the cuckoo chick hatches sooner than its "stepsiblings" and grows faster, eventually hogging most nourishment brought in and may actually "evict" the young of the host species by pushing them off their own nest.

In popular culture

The word "changeling" is often used in media to describe a shapeshifter, rather than a child swapped at birth.

In music:

• "The Changeling" is the first song on the album L.A. Woman by The Doors.
• "Changeling" is the only single released from the 1979 album Real to Real Cacophony by Simple Minds.
• "Changeling" is the first song on the 1999 album The Other Ending by independent Los Angeles band The Dagons.
• "Changeling" / "Transmission 1" is the fourth track on DJ Shadow's 1996 debut album Endtroducing......

In television:

• In Supernatural, the Winchesters have faced changelings posing as real children.
• In My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, changelings are insect-like ponies that disguise themselves as other creatures to feed off their love. They are recurring antagonists in the series, led by the tyrannical Queen Chrysalis, until she is deposed by the kind changeling Thorax, who reforms the changelings into creatures who share love instead.
• In Star Trek's Deep Space Nine, the Federation battles with a race of shape-shifting changelings in the Gamma Quadrant. The character Odo is a shape-shifter left in the Alpha Quadrant like European changelings were, and he fails to live up to Founder standards.
• In the 2008 TV series Merlin series 3 episode 6, "The Changeling", features Elena, a princess set to marry Arthur in an arranged marriage, is inhabited by (as opposed to swapped with) a member of the Sidhe race, who will possess her once the marriage is complete, thus ensuring a Sidhe Queen in Camelot.
• In Amazon's exclusive show titled Lore, a show based on real people and events in which terrifying phenomena come to life, Season 1 Episode 3 focused on the story of Bridget Cleary, whose family believes she was taken by a changeling and does everything in their power to bring her back.
• In Trollhunters, Arcadia is infested by changelings who bring babies to the dark lands so that they can take the form of that human. The changelings in the series are trolls rather than fairies.
• In Outlander, Claire finds a baby in the woods and is told that it is a changeling (S1E10).

In literature:

• Isaac Asimov's short story "Kid Stuff" (1953) features a member of a telepathic insect race which is the source of all the "little folk" stories. According to the creature, his people really like milk, and a number of them have indeed been rumored to use their powers in order to disguise themselves as infants and drink it as fresh as possible.
• In Poul Anderson’s The Broken Sword (1954), a wronged witch captures the newly born son of the king and, in his place, leaves a changeling. The real son of the king is taken away to elven lands and raised by elves.
• Zilpha Keatley Snyder's young adult novel The Changeling (1970) features a girl named Ivy who is convinced she is actually a fairy child.
• In Gregory Maguire's novel Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister (1999), Clara van den Meer believes that water-spirits kidnapped her and turned her into a changeling.
• Keith Donohue's novel The Stolen Child (2006) is about a group of changelings who live in a forest in western Pennsylvania.
• Changelings play a role in Frances Hardinge's novel Cuckoo Song (2014), in which the main character is believed to be a changeling and is thrown into a fire.
• Changelings play a major role in Foxglove Summer (2014), the fifth novel in the Rivers of London series by Ben Aaronovitch. As with other forms of magic and myth featured in these books, the phenomenon of fairies kidnapping human children and replacing them with changelings is depicted as actual, present-day practice.
• Switched (2012), by Amanda Hocking, is the first book in the Trylle series. It is an Indie YA novel about a girl who discovers she's a changeling.
• The Good People (2016), by Hannah Kent, is based on the story of 19th-century "changeling" Michael Leahy.
• The Changeling Sea by Patricia A. McKillip centers around a Changeling prince with ties to the Undersea realm beneath the waves.

In film:

• In 1980, The Changeling was released, featuring the story of a man who took on the identity of a murdered boy and the man who discovers this when he begins living in the house where the murder took place.
• Angelina Jolie starred in Changeling (2008), in which she portrays Christine Collins, whose son was kidnapped in 1928 and replaced with another boy.
• In the 2015 anthology horror film, A Christmas Horror Story, one of the stories involves a couple who mistakes a changeling for their own son and brings it back home with them.

In games:

• In Star Wars for the Family Computer, Luke fights four changelings assuming the appearance of Darth Vader. When attacked once, they reveal their true forms, such as a scorpion, a shark, a pterodactyl, and a Wampa.
• In Magic: The Gathering, the term is used to define a creature that has every single creature type within the game. It also has a card named Crib Swap, which reflects the switcheroo aspect.
• Both the original and rebooted World of Darkness settings by White Wolf Games included one game line titled focused on changelings: Changeling: The Dreaming in the original World of Darkness, and Changeling: The Lost in the New World of Darkness. In both games, player characters were changelings, though the approaches differed between the two games: in the first, characters were fae souls reborn into human bodies, a practice begun by the fae to protect themselves as magic vanished from the world. The latter game focused on the folklore concerning mortals kidnapped by faeries and subsequently returned to the mortal world.
• In StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty, the changeling is a zerg spy produced by the overseer. The Changeling spawns as a Zerg-looking unit, but upon seeing an enemy unit or building it will automatically transform into the basic unit of that enemy's race. Once disguised, the Changeling takes on the enemy's own color and will no longer be automatically attacked by the enemy's units, allowing it to infiltrate enemy territory unsuspected.^[34]
• In Fire Emblem Heroes, an antagonist named Loki is most likely a changeling and she spend the entirety of Book 1 in the guise of Bruno (Veronica's brother), Sharena, Alfonse before deciding the stick with disguising herself as Anna, her true form won't be revealed until Book 2. Loki disguised herself yet again in the intro for the Tempest Trial Mini entitled "Shrouded by the Storm" this time as Fjorm, the Princess of Nifl until her cover was blown when the real Fjorm shows up.