Centre-left coalition

Centre-left coalition
Coalizione di centro-sinistra
Leader Maurizio Martina
Founder Romano Prodi
Founded 6 March 1995
Preceded by Alliance of Progressives
Pact for Italy
Political position Centre-left
Colours Red (customary)
Chamber of Deputies
122 / 630
Senate
60 / 315
European Parliament
28 / 73
Regional Government
13 / 20

The centre-left coalition (Italian: coalizione di centro-sinistra) is a political alliance of political parties in Italy active, under several forms and names, since 1995 when The Olive Tree was formed under the leadership of Romano Prodi. The centre-left coalition ruled the country for more than twelve years between 1996 and 2018.

In the 1996 general election The Olive Tree consisted of the bulk of the left-wing Alliance of Progressives and the bulk of the centrist Pact for Italy, the two losing coalitions in the 1994 general election, the first under a system based primarily on first-past-the-post voting. In 2005 The Union was founded as a wider coalition to contest the 2006 general election, which later collapsed during the 2008 political crisis, with the fall of the Prodi II Cabinet.

In recent history, the centre-left coalition has been built around the Democratic Party, which was established in 2007 from a merger of the bulk of the parties affiliated to both The Olive Tree and The Union.

The Olive Tree (1995–2005)

1996–1998

In the 1996 general election and during the Prodi I Cabinet the coalition was composed of nine parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democratic Party of the Left[lower-alpha 1] (PDS) Democratic socialism Massimo D'Alema
Italian People's Party[lower-alpha 2] (PPI) Christian democracy Franco Marini
Italian Renewal[lower-alpha 3] (RI) Liberalism Lamberto Dini
Federation of the Greens (FdV) Green politics Carlo Ripa di Meana
Italian Socialists[lower-alpha 3] (SI) Social democracy Enrico Boselli
Democratic Union[lower-alpha 2] (UD) Social liberalism Antonio Maccanico
Italian Republican Party[lower-alpha 2] (PRI) Liberalism Giorgio La Malfa
Segni Pact[lower-alpha 3] (PS) Centrism Mario Segni
Federation of Liberals[lower-alpha 2] (FdL) Liberalism Valerio Zanone
  1. ↑ Six minor associate parties of the PDS would merge with that party in 1998: the Labour Federation, the Social Christians, the Republican Left, the Movement of Unitarian Communists, the Reformists for Europe, the Italian Democratic Socialist Party and the Democratic Federation, the latter a regional party in Sardinia.
  2. 1 2 3 4 The three parties contested the election in the Populars for Prodi joint list, along with the South Tyrolean People's Party (see below).
  3. 1 2 3 The three parties contested the election in a joint list named after Italian Renewal and the Democratic Italian Movement.

The coalition had six regional partners:

Region Party Ideology Leader
Aosta Valley Valdostan Union (UV) Regionalism Luciano Caveri
South Tyrol South Tyrolean People's Party[lower-alpha 1] (SVP) Regionalism Siegfried Brugger
Trentino Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party[lower-alpha 1] (PATT) Regionalism Walter Kaswalder
Ladin Autonomist Union (UAL) Progressivism Giuseppe Detomas
Veneto Lega Autonomia Veneta (LAV) Regionalism Mario Rigo
Sardinia Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) Sardinian nationalism Franco Meloni
  1. 1 2 The two parties contested the senate election in a joint list.

The coalition was externally supported by:

Party Ideology Leader
Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) Communism Fausto Bertinotti

The Olive Tree had an electoral agreement with the PRC,[1] under which some single-seat constituencies were reserved to the party, which ran under the banner of the Alliance of Progressives, the left-wing coalition (including the PDS and the PRC) which contested the 1994 general election.

1998–2001

In 1998 the Communist Refoundation Party brought down the Prodi II Cabinet.[2] with a splinter faction forming the Party of Italian Communists.[3] In 1998-2001, during the two governments led by Massimo D'Alema (I Cabinet and II Cabinet, 1998–2000) and the one led by Giuliano Amato (Amato II Cabinet, 2000–2001), the coalition was composed of eight parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democrats of the Left (DS) Social democracy Walter Veltroni
Italian People's Party (PPI) Christian democracy Franco Marini / Pierluigi Castagnetti
The Democrats (Dem) Centrism Romano Prodi / Arturo Parisi
Italian Renewal (RI) Liberalism Lamberto Dini
Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) Communism Armando Cossutta / Oliviero Diliberto
Italian Democratic Socialists[lower-alpha 1] (SDI) Social democracy Enrico Boselli
Federation of the Greens (FdV) Green politics Luigi Manconi / Grazia Francescato
Democratic Union for the Republic (UDR)
Union of Democrats for Europe (UDEUR)		 Christian democracy Clemente Mastella
  1. ↑ The party did not participate in D'Alema II Cabinet and briefly formed The Clover coalition, along with the Italian Republican Party and the Union for the Republic.

2001 general election

In the 2001 general election the coalition, led by Francesco Rutelli, was composed of nine parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democrats of the Left (DS) Social democracy Walter Veltroni
Italian People's Party[lower-alpha 1] (PPI) Christian democracy Pierluigi Castagnetti
The Democrats[lower-alpha 1] (Dem) Centrism Arturo Parisi
Italian Renewal[lower-alpha 1] (RI) Liberalism Lamberto Dini
Union of Democrats for Europe[lower-alpha 1] (UDEUR) Christian democracy Clemente Mastella
Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) Communism Oliviero Diliberto
Italian Democratic Socialists[lower-alpha 2] (SDI) Social democracy Enrico Boselli
Federation of the Greens[lower-alpha 2] (FdV) Green politics Grazia Francescato
Federation of Liberals[lower-alpha 1] (FdL) Liberalism Valerio Zanone
New Country[lower-alpha 3] (PN) Single-issue politics –
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 The four parties contested the election within the Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL) joint list.
  2. 1 2 The two parties contested the election in The Sunflower joint list.
  3. ↑ New Country was a lista civetta.

The coalition had six regional partners:

Region Party Ideology Leader
Aosta Valley Valdostan Union (UV) Regionalism Luciano Caveri
Edelweiss (SA) Regionalism Maurizio Martin
South Tyrol South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) Regionalism Siegfried Brugger
Trentino Daisy Civic List (CM) Regionalism Lorenzo Dellai
Ladin Autonomist Union (UAL) Progressivism Giuseppe Detomas
Friuli-Venezia Giulia With Illy for Trieste[4] Riccardo Illy

2004 EP election

In the 2004 European Parliament election, the United in the Olive Tree joint list, was composed of four parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democrats of the Left (DS) Social democracy Piero Fassino
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL) Centrism Francesco Rutelli
Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI) Social democracy Enrico Boselli
European Republicans Movement (MRE) Social liberalism Luciana Sbarbati

The coalition had three regional partners:

Region Party Ideology Leader
South Tyrol South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) Regionalism Siegfried Brugger
Trentino Daisy Civic List (CM) Regionalism Lorenzo Dellai
Aosta Valley Valdostan Union (UV) and allies Regionalism Manuela Zublena

    The Union (2005–2008)

    2006 general election

    In the 2006 general election the coalition was composed of thirteen parties:

    Party Ideology Leader
    Democrats of the Left[lower-alpha 1] (DS) Social democracy Piero Fassino
    Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy[lower-alpha 1] (DL) Centrism Francesco Rutelli
    Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) Communism Fausto Bertinotti
    Italian Democratic Socialists[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3] (SDI) Social democracy Enrico Boselli
    Italian Radicals[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3] (RI) Liberalism Emma Bonino
    Italy of Values[lower-alpha 3] (IdV) Anti-corruption politics Antonio Di Pietro
    Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) Communism Oliviero Diliberto
    Federation of the Greens (FdV) Green politics Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio
    Union of Democrats for Europe (UDEUR) Christian democracy Clemente Mastella
    Pensioners' Party (PP) Pensioners' interests Carlo Fatuzzo
    The Italian Socialists (SI) Social democracy Bobo Craxi
    Consumers' List[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 3] (LC) Consumer protection Renato Campiglia
    United Consumers Consumer protection Bruno De Vita
    Italian Democratic Socialist Party[lower-alpha 5] (PSDI) Social democracy Giogio Carta
    European Republicans Movement[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 3] (MRE) Social liberalism Luciana Sbarbati
    United Democratic Christians (DCU) Christian democracy Giovanni Mongiello
    1. 1 2 3 The three parties contested the election within The Olive Tree joint list. In 2007 they would form the Democratic Party.
    2. 1 2 The two parties contested elections within the Rose in the Fist joint list.
    3. 1 2 3 4 5 The liberal and secular lists were supported by the Federation of Liberals.
    4. ↑ Including the Christian Democracy, The Liberals–Sgarbi and the Southern Democratic Party.
    5. ↑ The PSDI contested the election within The Olive Tree joint list, but the PSDI did not join the Democratic Party.

    The Union was supported by the Autonomists for Europe.

    The coalition had eight regional partners:

    Region Party Ideology Leader
    Aosta Valley Autonomy Liberty Democracy[lower-alpha 1] (ALD) Regionalism Carlo Perrin
    South Tyrol South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) Regionalism Elmar Pichler Rolle
    Trentino Daisy Civic List (CM) Regionalism Lorenzo Dellai
    Lombardy Lega Autonomia Lombarda (LAL) Regionalism Matteo Brivio
    Veneto Liga Fronte Veneto (LFV) Venetian nationalism Fabrizio Comencini
    Calabria Southern Democratic Party[lower-alpha 2] (PDM) Centrism Agazio Loiero
    Sardinia Sardinia Project[lower-alpha 2] (PS) Social democracy Renato Soru
    1. ↑ Also including the Lively Aosta Valley and the Valdostan Renewal.
    2. 1 2 Founding members of the Democratic Party.

    The Union was also supported by Autonomists for Europe.

    PD-led coalitions (2008–present)

    2008 general election

    In the 2008 general election the coalition, led by Walter Veltroni,[5] was composed of three parties:

    Party Ideology Leader
    Democratic Party[lower-alpha 1] (PD) Social democracy Walter Veltroni
    Italy of Values (IdV) Anti-corruption politics Antonio Di Pietro
    Socialist Party[lower-alpha 2] (PS) Social democracy Enrico Boselli
    1. ↑ Also including the Italian Radicals, the European Republicans Movement and the Moderates and negotiations with the Federation of Liberals failed.
    2. ↑ only in South Tyrol (see below).


    The coalition had four regional partners:

    Region Party Ideology Leader
    Aosta Valley Autonomy Liberty Democracy[lower-alpha 1] (ALD) Regionalism Roberto Louvin
    South Tyrol South Tyrolean People's Party[lower-alpha 2] (SVP) Regionalism Philipp Achammer
    Trentino Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party[lower-alpha 2] (PATT) Regionalism Ugo Rossi
    Daisy Civic List (CM) Regionalism Lorenzo Dellai
    1. ↑ Also including the Lively Aosta Valley and the Valdostan Renewal.
    2. 1 2 The PD, IdV, the PS, the PATT, the CM and the SVP contested the senate election in a joint list in South Tyrol.[6]

    2013 general election

    In the 2013 general election, the coalition ran as Italy. Common Good under the leadership of Pier Luigi Bersani,[7] and was composed of four parties:

    Party Ideology Leader
    Democratic Party (PD) Social democracy Pier Luigi Bersani
    Left Ecology Freedom (SEL) Democratic socialism Nichi Vendola
    Democratic Centre[lower-alpha 1] (CD) Centrism Bruno Tabacci
    Italian Socialist Party (PSI) Social democracy Riccardo Nencini
    1. ↑ Also including Alliance for Italy and Rights and Freedom.

    The coalition had four regional partners:

    Region Party Ideology Leader
    Aosta Valley Progressive Valdostan Union (UVP) Regionalism Laurent Viérin
    Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology (ALPE) Regionalism Carlo Perrin
    Piedmont Moderates (M) Centrism Giacomo Portas
    South Tyrol South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) Regionalism Richard Theiner
    Greens of South Tyrol[lower-alpha 1] (Grüne) Green politics Sepp Kusstatscher, Brigitte Foppa
    Trentino Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (PATT) Regionalism Franco Panizza
    Union for Trentino (UpT) Regionalism Lorenzo Dellai
    Sicily The Megaphone – Crocetta List Regionalism Rosario Crocetta
    1. ↑ Associate party of Left Ecology Freedom.

    The Centre-left coalition was supported by the Slovene Union.

    2018 general election

    In the 2018 general election the coalition is composed of four electoral lists:

    Party Ideology Leader
    Democratic Party[lower-alpha 1] (PD) Social democracy Matteo Renzi
    More Europe[lower-alpha 2] (+E) Liberalism Emma Bonino
    Together[lower-alpha 3] (I) Progressivism Giulio Santagata
    Popular Civic List[lower-alpha 4] (CP) Centrism Beatrice Lorenzin
    1. ↑ Including the Moderates (see below).
    2. ↑ Including the Italian Radicals, Forza Europa, the Democratic Centre and Progressive Area.
    3. ↑ Including the Italian Socialist Party, the Federation of the Greens and Civic Area.
    4. ↑ Includes Popular Alternative, Italy of Values, the Centrists for Europe, Solidary Democracy, the Union for Trentino (see below) – loosely affiliated to Solidary Democracy at the national level –, Italy is Popular, the Christian Popular Union and Popular Italy.

    The coalition has seven regional partners:

    Region Party Ideology Leader
    Aosta Valley Valdostan Union (UV) Regionalism Ennio Pastoret
    Progressive Valdostan Union (UVP) Regionalism Laurent Viérin
    Valdostan Autonomist Popular Edelweiss (EPAV) Regionalism Mauro Baccega
    Piedmont Moderates (M) Centrism Giacomo Portas
    South Tyrol South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) Regionalism Philipp Achammer
    Trentino Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (PATT) Regionalism Franco Panizza
    Union for Trentino (UpT) Regionalism Tiziano Mellarini

    The Centre-left coalition was also supported by the Ladin Autonomist Union[8] and the Slovene Union[9].

    Electoral results

    Italian Parliament

    Chamber of Deputies
    Election year # of
    overall votes    		 % of
    overall vote    		 # of
    overall seats won    		 +/– Leader
    1996 16,355,985 (#2) 43.6
    323 / 630
    		 Increase 108
    Romano Prodi
    2001 16,209,944 (#2) 43.5
    247 / 630
    		 Decrease 75
    Francesco Rutelli
    2006 19,036,986 (#1) 49.8
    348 / 630
    		 Increase 101
    Romano Prodi
    2008 13,689,303 (#2) 37.5
    239 / 630
    		 Decrease 109
    Walter Veltroni
    2013 10,047,603 (#1) 29.5
    345 / 630
    Increase 106
    Pier Luigi Bersani
    2018 7,506,723 (#3) 22.9
    122 / 630
    Decrease 223
    Matteo Renzi
    Senate of the Republic
    Election year # of
    overall votes    		 % of
    overall vote    		 # of
    overall seats won    		 +/– Leader
    1996 14,548,006 (#1) 44.6
    186 / 315
    		 Increase 17
    Romano Prodi
    2001 13,282,495 (#2) 39.2
    128 / 315
    		 Decrease 41
    Francesco Rutelli
    2006 17,118,364 (#2) 49.2
    158 / 315
    		 Increase 30
    Romano Prodi
    2008 12,457,182 (#2) 38.7
    130 / 315
    		 Decrease 28
    Walter Veltroni
    2013 9,686,683 (#1) 31.6
    127 / 315
    Decrease 3
    Pier Luigi Bersani
    2018 6,947,199 (#3) 23.0
    58 / 315
    Decrease 69
    Matteo Renzi

    Regional Councils

    Region Latest election # of
    overall votes    		 % of
    overall vote    		 # of
    overall seats won    		 +/–
    Aosta Valley[lower-alpha 1] 2018 15,919 25.0
    7 / 35
    Decrease 8
    Piedmont 2014 930,901 (#1) 47.8
    32 / 50
    Increase 10
    Lombardy 2018 1,414,674 (#2) 27.0
    19 / 80
    Decrease 3
    South Tyrol 2013 150,443 (#1) 52.4
    19 / 35
    Decrease 1
    Trentino 2013 139,497 (#1) 58.7
    23 / 35
    Increase 2
    Veneto 2015 432,629 (#2) 23.4
    13 / 51
    Decrease 7
    Friuli-Venezia Giulia 2018 110,217 (#2) 26.1
    13 / 49
    Decrease 14
    Emilia-Romagna 2014 597,185 (#1) 49.7
    32 / 50
    –
    Liguria 2015 163,647 (#2) 30.3
    8 / 31
    Decrease 17
    Tuscany 2015 637,629 (#1) 48.0
    25 / 41
    Decrease 7
    Marche 2015 231,143 (#1) 43.6
    19 / 31
    Decrease 7
    Umbria 2015 152,159 (#1) 43.3
    13 / 20
    Decrease 8
    Lazio 2018 867,393 (#2) 34.2
    24 / 50
    Decrease 4
    Abruzzo 2014 312,113 (#1) 46.4
    18 / 31
    Increase 2
    Molise 2018 27,314 (#3) 18.8
    2 / 21
    Decrease 11
    Campania 2015 917,395 (#1) 40.3
    31 / 51
    Increase 10
    Apulia 2015 772,699 (#1) 48.3
    30 / 51
    Decrease 17
    Basilicata 2013 148,381 (#1) 62.8
    12 / 21
    Decrease 7
    Calabria 2014 482,788 (#1) 61.7
    19 / 30
    Increase 2
    Sicily 2017 488,939 (#3) 25.4
    13 / 70
    Decrease 26
    Sardinia 2014 289,573 (#2) 42.4
    36 / 60
    Increase 9
    1. ↑ In Aosta Valley the centre-left coalition ran divided.

    See also

    References

    1. ↑ Giuseppe Ieraci (2008). Governments and Parties in Italy: Parliamentary Debates, Investiture Votes and Policy Positions (1994-2006). Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-906221-72-0.
    2. ↑ Giuseppe Ieraci (2008). Governments and Parties in Italy: Parliamentary Debates, Investiture Votes and Policy Positions (1994-2006). Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-906221-72-0.
    3. ↑ Gianfranco Pasquino (2002). "The political context 1996-2001". In James L. Newell. The Italian General Election of 2001: Berlusconi's Victory. Manchester University Press. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-0-7190-6100-4.
    4. ↑ "Trieste, Illy si dimette correrà per la Camera - la Repubblica.it". Retrieved 14 August 2018.
    5. ↑ "Berlusconi declares election win". BBC News. 14 April 2008.
    6. ↑ "Svp e Insieme per le autonomie firmano il "patto di Salorno"(". 5 March 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008.
    7. ↑ "Italian election results: gridlock likely – as it happened". Guardian. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
    8. ↑ "Union Autonomista Ladina". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
    9. ↑ "Vodstvo SSk se je sestalo z neodvisnim kandidatom za senat Riccardom Illyjem". www.slovenskaskupnost.org. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
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