Carl Bosch

Carl Bosch
Born (1874-08-27)27 August 1874
Cologne, German Empire
Died 26 April 1940(1940-04-26) (aged 65)
Heidelberg, Germany
Nationality German
Alma mater Technical University of Berlin
Known for Haber–Bosch process
Awards
Scientific career
Fields Chemistry
Institutions BASF, IG Farben
Doctoral advisor Johannes Wislicenus

Carl Bosch (27 August 1874 – 26 April 1940) was a German chemist and engineer and Nobel Laureate in Chemistry.[1] He was a pioneer in the field of high-pressure industrial chemistry and founder of IG Farben, at one point the world's largest chemical company.

Biography

Early years

Carl Bosch was born in Cologne, Germany to a successful gas and plumbing supplier.[2] His uncle Robert Bosch pioneered the development of the spark plug. Carl, trying to decide between a career in metallurgy or chemistry, studied at the Königlich Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg (now the Technical University of Berlin) and the University of Leipzig from 1892–1898.

Career

Carl Bosch attended the University of Leipzig, and this is where he studied under Johannes Wislicenus,[3] and he obtained his doctorate in 1898 for research in organic chemistry. After he left In 1899 he took an entry level job at BASF, then Germany's largest chemical and dye firm. From 1909 until 1913 he transformed Fritz Haber's tabletop demonstration of a method to fix nitrogen using high pressure chemistry through the Haber–Bosch process to produce synthetic nitrate, a process that has countless industrial applications for making a near-infinite variety of industrial compounds, consumer goods, and commercial products. His primary contribution was to expand the scale of the process, enabling the industrial production of vast quantities of synthetic nitrate. To do this, he had to construct a plant and equipment that would function effectively under high gas pressures and high temperatures. There were many more obstacles as well, such as discovering a practical catalyst, designing large compressors and safe high-pressure furnaces. A means was needed to provide pure hydrogen gas in quantity as the feedstock. Also, cheap and safe means had to be developed to clean and process the product ammonia. The first full-scale Haber-Bosch plant was erected in Oppau, Germany, now part of Ludwigshafen. With the process complete he was able to synthesize large amounts of ammonia, which was available for the industrial and agricultural fields. In fact, this production has increased the agricultural yields throughout the world.[2] This work won him the Nobel prize for Chemistry in 1931.

After World War I Bosch extended high-pressure techniques to the production of synthetic fuel and methanol. In 1925 Bosch helped found and was the first head of IG Farben and from 1935 chairman of the board of directors. He received the Siemens-Ring in 1924 for his contributions to applied research and his support of basic research. In 1931 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Friedrich Bergius for the introduction of high pressure chemistry. Today the Haber–Bosch process produces 100 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer every year.[4]

Personal life

Bosch's grave in Heidelberg
49°23′46″N 8°41′33″E / 49.396155°N 8.692567°E / 49.396155; 8.692567 (Site at Bergfriedhof und Jüdischer Friedhof or Mountain cemetery - Bergfriedhof Heidelberg)

Bosch, a critic of many Nazi policies, was gradually relieved of his high positions after Hitler became chancellor, and fell into depression and alcoholism.[2] He died in Heidelberg.

Legacy

The Haber–Bosch Process today consumes more than one percent of humanity's energy production and is responsible for feeding roughly one-third of its population.[5] On average, one-half of the nitrogen in a human body comes from synthetically fixed sources, the product of a Haber–Bosch plant.[6] Bosch was an ardent collector of insects, minerals, and gems. His collected meteorites and other mineral samples were loaned to Yale University, and eventually purchased by the Smithsonian.[7][8] He was an amateur astronomer with a well-equipped private observatory. The asteroid 7414 Bosch was named in his honour.[9]

Carl Bosch along with Fritz Haber were voted the world's most influential chemical engineers of all time by members of the Institution of Chemical Engineers.[10]

The Haber-Bosch process, quite possibly the best-known chemical process in the world, which captures nitrogen from the air and converts it to ammonia, has its hand in the process of the Green Revolution that has been feeding the increasing population of the world.[11]

Bosch also won numerous awards including an honorary doctorate from Hochschule Karlsruhe (1918), the Liebig Memorial Medal of the Association of German Chemists along with the Bunsen Medal of the German Bunsen Society, the Siemens Ring, and the Golden Grashof Memorial medal of the VDI. In 1931 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the contribution to the invention of chemical high pressure methods. He also received the Exner medal from the Austrian Trade Association and the Carl Lueg Memorial Medal. Bosch also enjoyed his membership of various German and foreign scientific academics, and his chairmanship of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society of which he became the President in 1937.[12]

Awards and honours

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Carl Bosch - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
  2. 1 2 3 Hager, Thomas (2008). The alchemy of air. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-307-35178-4. OCLC 191318130.
  3. ↑ "Carl Bosch | German chemist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
  4. ↑ "Carl Bosch (German chemist)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
  5. ↑ Smil, Vaclav (2001). Enriching the earth. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. OCLC 61678151.
  6. ↑ "Fixing the Nitrogen Fix, Can Chemistry Save The World?, Discovery - BBC World Service". BBC. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
  7. ↑ Wilson, Wendell E. (2013). "Carl Bosch (1874–1940)". Biographical Archive. The Mineralogical Record. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
  8. ↑ Servos, Kurt (1954). "Meteorites in the Carl Bosch Collection of Minerals Yale University". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 5 (6): 299–300. Bibcode:1954GeCoA...5..299S. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(54)90037-X. (registration required)
  9. ↑ Lehmann, Gerhard; Kandler, Jens; Knöfel, André (2004-10-27). "Amateurastronomen am Sternenhimmel" (in German). Amateure am Sternenhimmel. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
  10. ↑ "Haber and Bosch named top chemical engineers". IChemE.org. Institution of Chemical Engineers. 2011-02-21. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
  11. ↑ "Chemical engineers who changed the world". tce today. Institution of Chemical Engineers. March 2010. 2010 Entries: Feed the world. Archived from the original on 2011-03-20.
  12. ↑ "Famous Scientists - Carl Bosch". The Human Touch of Chemistry. Tata Chemicals. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29. Retrieved 2013-12-15.

Further reading

  • Vaclav Smil (2004). Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-69313-4.
  • Thomas Hager, The Alchemy of Air: A Jewish Genius, a Doomed Tycoon, and the Scientific Discovery That Fed the World but Fueled the Rise of Hitler (2008) ISBN 978-0-307-35178-4.
  • Peter Hayes (1987). "Carl Bosch and Carl Krauch: Chemistry and the Political Economy of Germany, 1925–1945". The Journal of Economic History. 47 (2): 353–363. doi:10.1017/S0022050700048117. JSTOR 2122234.
  • K. Holdermann (1949). "Carl Bosch und die Naturwissenschaft". Naturwissenschaften. 36 (6): 161–165. Bibcode:1949NW.....36..161H. doi:10.1007/BF00626575.
  • Carl Krauch (1940). "Carl Bosch zum Gedächtnis". Angewandte Chemie. 53 (27–28): 285–288. doi:10.1002/ange.19400532702.
  • "Carl Bosch". Famous Scientists. Human Touch of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29.
  • "Carl Bosch". The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931. Nobelprize.org.
  • "Carl Bosch (German chemist)". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  • recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods at the Wayback Machine (archived June 30, 2006).
  • "Carl Bosch". Chemist, Technician, Industrialist. Find a Grave. January 1, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
  • Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch
  • BASF Where Carl Worked
  • BASF's Production
  • Newspaper clippings about Carl Bosch in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics (ZBW)
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