Cargill

Cargill, Incorporated
Private
Industry Conglomerate
Founded 1865 (1865)
Founder William Wallace Cargill
Headquarters Minnetonka, Minnesota, U.S.
Area served
 Worldwide
Key people
 Dave MacLennan
(Chairman and CEO)
Products Agricultural services, crop and livestock, food, health and pharmaceutical, industrial & financial risk management, raw materials
Revenue Increase US$114.695 billion (2018)[1]
Increase US$3.204 billion (2018)[1]
Increase US$3.103 billion (2018)[1]
Total assets Increase US$59.475 billion (2018)[1]
Owner Cargill family (90%)
Number of employees
 150,001 (2018)[1]
Website www.cargill.com

Cargill, Incorporated is an American privately held[2][3] global corporation based in Minnetonka, Minnesota, and incorporated in Wilmington, Delaware.[4] Founded in 1865, it is the largest privately held corporation in the United States in terms of revenue.[5] If it were a public company, it would rank, as of 2015, number 15 on the Fortune 500, behind McKesson and ahead of AT&T.[6]

Some of Cargill's major businesses are trading, purchasing and distributing grain and other agricultural commodities, such as palm oil; trading in energy, steel and transport; the raising of livestock and production of feed; and producing food ingredients such as starch and glucose syrup, vegetable oils and fats for application in processed foods and industrial use. Cargill also has a large financial services arm, which manages financial risks in the commodity markets for the company. In 2003, it split off a portion of its financial operations into Black River Asset Management, a hedge fund with about $10 billion of assets and liabilities. It owned 2/3 of the shares of The Mosaic Company (sold off in 2011), one of the world's leading producers and marketers of concentrated phosphate and potash crop nutrients.

Cargill declared revenues of $136.7 billion and earnings of $2.31 billion in the 2013 fiscal year.[7] Employing over 155,000 employees in 66 countries,[8] it is responsible for 25% of all United States grain exports. The company also supplies about 22% of the US domestic meat market, importing more product from Argentina than any other company, and is the largest poultry producer in Thailand. All the eggs used in US McDonald's restaurants pass through Cargill's plants. It is the only US producer of Alberger process salt, which is used in the fast-food and prepared food industries.

Cargill remains a family-owned business, as the descendants of the founder (from the Cargill and MacMillan families) own over 90% of it.[9] As a result, most of its growth has been due to reinvestment of the company's own earnings rather than public financing. Gregory R. Page succeeded former CEO Warren Staley in mid-2007, as Staley reached Cargill's mandatory retirement age of 65, and was CEO and chairman until 2013, when he in turn was succeeded by Dave MacLennan.

History

The Cargill Lake Office, occupying the former Rufus Rand mansion on the main corporate campus in Minnetonka, houses the company's top executives.[10]

Cargill was founded in 1865 by William W. Cargill when he bought a grain flat house in Conover, Iowa. A year later William was joined by his brother Sam, forming W. W. Cargill and Brother. Together, they built grain flat houses and opened a lumberyard. In 1875, Cargill moved to La Crosse, Wisconsin, and their brother James joined the business. La Crosse was strategically located on the Mississippi near the junctions of the La Crosse River, Dubuque, and Southern Minnesota divisions of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad.

Sam Cargill left La Crosse in 1887 to manage the office in Minneapolis, an important emerging grain center. Three years later, the Minneapolis operation incorporated as Cargill Elevator Co.; some years after that the La Crosse operation incorporated as W. W. Cargill Company of La Crosse, Wisconsin. In 1898, John H. MacMillan, Sr., and his brother, Daniel, began working for W. W. Cargill. MacMillan then married William Cargill's eldest daughter, Edna.

20th century

Upon Sam Cargill's death in 1903, William Cargill became the sole owner of the La Crosse office. John MacMillan was named general manager of Cargill Elevator Company and moved his family to Minneapolis. William Cargill died in 1909, creating a fiscal crisis for the company. MacMillan worked to resolve the credit issues and to force his brother-in-law William S. Cargill out of the company. The current owners are descended from John MacMillan's two sons, John H. MacMillan, Jr., and Cargill MacMillan, Sr., and his youngest brother-in-law, Austen S. Cargill I.

John MacMillan ran the company until his retirement in 1936. Under his leadership Cargill grew several fold, expanding out of the Midwest by opening its first East coast offices, in New York, in 1923, and the first Canadian, European and Latin American offices in 1928, 1929 and 1930. During this time, Cargill saw both record profits and major cash crunches.

The first of the crises was the debt left by the death of William W. Cargill. The company issued $2.25 million in Gold Notes, backed by Cargill stock, to pay off its creditors. The Gold Notes were due in 1917, but thanks to record grain prices caused by World War I all debts were paid by 1915.

As World War I continued into 1917, Cargill made record earnings and faced criticisms of war profiteering. Four years later, as a fallout from the financial crash of 1920, Cargill posted its first loss.

One of the biggest criticisms of the company has been its perceived arrogance (see, for example, Brewster Kneen in the Ecologist and also Greg Muttitt in the same journal). The MacMillans' aggressive management style led to a decades-long feud with the Chicago Board of Trade. It began in 1934, when the Board denied membership to Cargill. The US government overturned the Board's ruling and forced it to accept Cargill as a member. The 1936 corn crop failed and with the 1937 crop unavailable until October, the Chicago Board of Trade ordered Cargill to sell some of its corn. Cargill refused to comply.[10]

The US Commodity Exchange Authority and Chicago Board of Trade accused Cargill of trying to corner the corn market. In 1938, the Chicago Board suspended Cargill and three of its officers from the trading floor. When the Board lifted its suspension a few years later, Cargill refused to rejoin, instead trading through independent traders. In 1962, Cargill did rejoin the Chicago Board of Trade, two years after the death of John MacMillan, Jr. During World War II, MacMillan, Jr., continued to expand the company, which boomed as it stored and transported grain and built ships for the United States Navy.[10]

In 1960, Erwin Kelm became the first non-family chief executive. Aiming for expansion into downstream production, he led the company into milling, starches and syrups. As the company grew, it developed a market intelligence network as it coordinated its commodities trading, processing, freight, shipping and futures businesses. In the decades before email, the company relied on its own telex-based system for internal communication.[10]

Dust fills the air as ships are loaded from a Cargill grain elevator in Duluth, Minnesota, 1973

When the Soviet Union entered the grain markets in the 1970s, demand grew to unprecedented levels, and Cargill benefitted. When Whitney MacMillan, nephew of John, Jr., took over the company from Kelm in 1976, revenue approached $30 billion. US government put pressure on big grain exporters with allegations of manipulating the market, and Cargill was a major target, but it emerged without any major changes.[10]

In 1979, Cargill entered the meat-processing business with the purchase of beef processor MBPXL (later Excel).[11] The division expanded into turkey, food service and food distribution businesses and is now known as Cargill Meat Solutions.

In 1986 Cargill started operations in Venezuela through a partnership with the Possenti family's Mimesa C.A. to form Agroindustrial Mimesa in Maracaibo, dedicated to the manufacturing of flour and pasta. Expansion followed thereafter.[12]

Tensions arose with the company's private shareholders, as Cargill typically put 80% of earnings back into the business. By the early 1990s, members of the Cargill and MacMillan families became upset that their shares in the company were yielding mediocre dividends. Demands rose for an initial public offering to turn the company public. The company responded with an employee stock ownership plan, and in 1993 reportedly purchased 17% of the firm for $730 million from 72 Cargills and MacMillans. It used that stake to begin the employee stock plan. The company's board of directors was reorganized to reduce the number of relatives to six, alongside six independents and five managers.[10]

Ernest Micek took over as chief executive in August 1995. Cargill underwent turmoil in the following years; its financial unit lost hundreds of millions of dollars in 1998 when Russia defaulted on debt and developing countries began to have financial issues. The commodities and ingredients business, which was 75% of Cargill's total revenue, suffered from the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis.[10] Revenues fell by double-digit percentages for two years in a row, from $55.7 billion in 1997 to $51.4 billion in 1998 and $45.7 billion in 1999, while net income fell from $814 million in 1997 to $468 million in 1998 and $220 million in 1999.[9] By 1999, the company had $4 billion in debt. After a reduction in previously strong bond credit rating, Micek announced he would step down a year early.[10]

2000s

Warren Staley became chief executive and continued expanding the company and it rebounded. By 2002, Cargill had over $50 billion in annual sales, twice the amount of its closest rival, Archer Daniels Midland, and had 97,000 employees running more than 1,000 production sites and out of 59 countries.[10] On June 1, 2007, Staley was succeeded by Gregory R. Page. Page was succeeded by current CEO and chairman Dave MacLennan in December 2013.

Cargill's quarterly profits exceeded $1 billion for the first time during the quarter ending on February 29, 2008 ($1.03 billion); the 86% rise was credited to global food shortages and the expanding biofuels industry that, in turn, caused a rise in demand for Cargill's core areas of agricultural commodities and technology.[13][14][15]

In October 2011, the U.S. Justice Department announced that a biotech specialist at Cargill had pleaded guilty to stealing information from Cargill and Dow AgroSciences. Kexue Huang, a Chinese national, was discovered to be passing trade secrets back to China.[16]

In November 2011, Cargill completed the acquisition of Provimi, a global animal nutrition company for €1.5 billion ($2.1 billion US).[17]

On April 1, 2012, Cargill completed a purchase of a cat and dog food plant in Emporia, Kansas. It was previously owned by American Nutrition.[18]

In December 2014, Cargill finished commissioning a $100 million Indonesian cocoa plant.[19]

In 2015, Cargill wound down its Black River Asset Management division by shutting down four hedge funds, folding two agriculture and energy funds into Cargill, and spinning off three fund businesses to employees to create the hedge fund Proterra Investment Partners, emerging markets debt specialist Argentem Creek Partners and private equity firm Garda Capital Partners.[20]

In 2016, Cargill announced that it would move its Protein Group headquarters from older buildings in downtown Wichita, Kansas, and consolidate into a new building in Wichita's nearby Old Town area. The new $60 million building will be built on the site of the building that formerly housed The Wichita Eagle, following the old building's demolition.[21][22]

Board of directors

As of December 2016:[23]

  • David W. MacLennan, Chairman and CEO
  • Richard H. Anderson, Retired Chairman of Delta Air Lines, Inc.
  • Richard A. Cargill
  • Louis R. Chênevert, Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of United Technologies Corporation
  • Arthur Collins Jr., Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Medtronic, Inc
  • Brandon Graham, Cargill Family Member
  • Todd Hall, Executive Vice President of Cargill
  • Stephen J. Hemsley, Chief Executive Officer of UnitedHealth Group
  • Andrew C. Liebmann, Cargill Family Member
  • John H. MacMillan IV, Cargill Family Member
  • David D. MacMillan, Cargill Family Member
  • John C. MacMillan, Cargill Family Member
  • Anne Prdrero-MacMillan, Cargill Family Member
  • Bernard Poussot, Retired Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President of Wyeth
  • Trudy Rautio, Retired President and Chief Executive Officer of Carlson
  • Marcel H.M. Smits, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Cargill
  • Joseph J. Stone, Corporate Senior Vice President and Chief Risk Officer of Cargill

Countries of operation

As of 2016, Cargill operates in 70 countries across six regions around the world.[24]

Africa

Algeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Asia Pacific

Cargill Beef Australia located in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.

Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.

India

Starting operations in 1987, Cargill now has a foods business unit Called Cargill Foods India which processes, refines and markets a wide range of both indigenous and imported edible oils, fats and blends to the food industry including Sweekar, Nature Fresh, Gemini, Rath and Shakti brands of Edible Oil. In 2012 it launched Chalki fresh atta in India by the brand name "Sampoorna". Its customers are in the retail, food service sector and beverage industry.

Apart from sugar and cotton Cargill India is one of the largest originators and marketers of food and coarse grains in India. It also has its own Trade and Structured Finance arm which also operates the Cargill Capital and Financial Services India Private Limited. Its Cargill Energy, Transport and Metals BU is active across ocean freight, coal, iron ore and steel trading. And it has recently Bought Sunflower Oil Brand From Wipro In December 2012.

Cargill is one of many large food companies buying directly from the Indian farmer. After the government of India, the second largest buyer of food grain in India is Cargill. It has been buying grains and oilseeds in India since 1998. It also has the largest producer of potash that is Mosaic.

Europe

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom.

Latin America

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,[25] Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela.

Middle East

Jordan, United Arab Emirates.

Clouds in the sky and in the distance piles of salt
Cargill salt harvesting in Newark, California, USA.

North America

Canada, Mexico, United States of America.

The company purchased the large Leslie Salt refining company in Newark, California from Schilling in 1978.[26][27] Cargill sells salt under the Diamond Crystal brand.[28]. As of August 2018, the company is in the process of selling its [Ontario] crop input facilities.[29]

Meat processing plants

Cargill Meat Solutions acquired Milwaukee Emmpak in 2003 and merged it with Taylor Packing Co. (purchased in 2001). In 2006, Cargill Meat purchased Fresno Meats. The 3 main brands of beef are Circle T Beef, Valley Tradition, and Meadowland Farms.[30]

Meat typePlant locationPlant sizeEmployees
BeefWyalusing, PA500K sq ft1,200
BeefFresno, CA400K sq ft1,100
BeefMilwaukee, WI250K sq ft950
PorkOttumwa, IANo data available1000
PorkBeardstown, ILNo data available900
BeefFriona, TX

Sponsorships

From 2009 to 2014, Cargill was the chief shirt sponsor of Hereford United F.C., a fourth-tier English football team. Following the club's demise in December 2014, Hereford United was discontinued as a business, and re-founded as a "phoenix club" by the supports trust as Hereford F.C. Cargill is no longer its main shirt sponsor.

Cargill is also a sponsor of NASCAR driver Ricky Stenhouse, Jr.

Criticism

As a private company, Cargill is not required to release the same amount of information as a publicly traded company and, as a business practice, keeps a relatively low profile.[9][10] The company was praised by Colorado State University professor of animal science Temple Grandin for allowing The Oprah Winfrey Show to film the inside of a beef slaughter plant in Colorado.[31]

Human rights abuses

In 2005, the International Labor Rights Fund filed suit against Cargill, Nestlé, and Archer Daniels Midland in federal court on behalf of children who were trafficked from Mali into Côte d'Ivoire and forced to work 12 to 14 hours a day with no pay, little food and sleep, and frequent physical abuse, on cocoa bean plantations.

Cargill was a major buyer of cotton in Uzbekistan, despite the industry prevalence of uncompensated workers and possible human rights abuses, and admissions made by two representatives that the company is aware of the possible use of child labor in the production of its crops. Their concerns have been public since 2005, but no action has been taken regarding labor violations in their Uzbek operations. The company has not traded any Uzbek cotton in several years.[32]

In February 2018, several employees of Cargill's Dayton, Virginia plant held protests. Their grievances included poor health benefits, bad working conditions, and Cargill's allegedly firing employees who organized to create a union.[33] The protests led to nine people's arrest for trespassing on company property.[34]

Food contamination

In 1971, Cargill sold 63,000 tons of seed treated with a methylmercury-based fungicide that eventually caused a minimum of 650 deaths when it was eaten. The fumigated seed grain was provided by Cargill at the specific request of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein[35] and was never intended for direct human or animal consumption prior to planting.[36]

Cargill's grain—which was dyed red and labeled with warnings in Spanish and English as well as a skull and crossbones design following a previous incident of mercury-treated seed being sold as food in Iraqi markets in 1960—was distributed too late for much of the 1971 planting season, causing many farmers to sell their excess product in the public markets at very low prices; this attracted many poor Iraqis who either could not understand the warnings or disregarded them, causing thousands of cases of mercury poisoning.[37] The long latency period before developing symptoms and cattle's greater tolerance of mercury poisoning also contributed to the mistaken impression the surplus seed grain was safe to eat.[35]

In October 2007, Cargill announced the recall of nearly 850,000 frozen beef patties produced at its packing plant in Butler, Wisconsin that were suspected of being contaminated with E. coli.[38] The beef was sold mainly at Walmart and Sam's Club stores.

In March 2009, the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) temporarily suspended Cargill Australia's license to export meat to Japan and the US after E. coli was detected in Cargill's export containers from its Wagga Wagga plant. In late April 2009, AQIS lifted Cargill Australia's suspension on its export license.[39]

In August 2011, the USDA and Cargill jointly announced the recall of 36 million pounds of ground turkey produced at Cargill's Springdale, Arkansas, plant due to salmonella fears. The meat recalled was produced from February 20 to August 2. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced that the particular strain of salmonella found was resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics. One death and 76 illnesses from 26 states were reported. Some 25 types of ground turkey produced under various brand names were affected, and all of the packages in question contained the code "Est. P-963." [40]

In September 2011, Cargill announced a second, immediate and voluntary Class One recall of 185,000 pounds of 85% lean, fresh-ground turkey products because of possible contamination from Salmonella Heidelberg.[41] The turkey was produced at the company's Springdale, Arkansas, facility on August 23, 24, 30, and 31.[41]

In July 2012, the Vermont Department of Public Health said that 10 people in the state had become sick from ground beef being recalled by Cargill Beef. The 10 became sick between June 6 and June 26. Three were hospitalized, and all recovered, according to health officials. Hannaford Supermarkets alerted consumers that Cargill Beef was voluntarily recalling 29,339 pounds of ground beef that might contain salmonella. The 85%-lean ground beef was produced at Cargill's plant in Wyalusing, Pennsylvania, on May 25, 2012, and repackaged for sale to consumers by customers of the Kansas-based company.[42]

Deforestation

Long shot of a city located on water with a building saying "Cargill" on its roof
Cargill in Santarém, Brazil.

In 2003, Cargill completed a port for processing soya in Santarém in the Amazon region of Brazil, dramatically increasing soya production in the area and, according to Greenpeace, speeding up deforestation of local rain forest.[43] In February 2006, the federal courts in Brazil gave Cargill six months to complete an environmental assessment (EA). Initially supported by job-seeking locals, public opinion turned against the port as jobs have not appeared. In July 2006, the federal prosecutor indicated they were close to shutting down the port.[44]

Greenpeace took its campaign to major food retailers and quickly won agreement from McDonald's along with UK-retailers Asda, Waitrose, and Marks & Spencer to stop buying meat raised on Amazonian soya. These retailers have, in turn, put pressure on Cargill, Archer Daniels Midland, Bunge, André Maggi Group, and Dreyfus to prove their soya was not grown on recently deforested land in the Amazon. In July 2006, Cargill reportedly joined other soy businesses in Brazil in a two-year moratorium on the purchase of soybeans from newly deforested land.[45][46]

Cargill sells large volumes of palm oil, which is found in many processed foods, cosmetics and detergents. Most palm oil is obtained from plantations in Sumatra and Borneo, which have been heavily deforested to make way for them.[47]

On September 13, 2017 NGO Mighty Earth released a report[48] documenting findings that Cargill purchases cocoa grown illegally in national parks and other protected forests in the Ivory Coast.

The report accused Cargill of endangering the forest habitats of chimpanzees, elephants and other wildlife populations by purchasing cocoa linked to deforestation.[49] [50] [51] As a result of cocoa production, 7 of the 23 Ivorian protected areas have been almost entirely converted to cocoa.[52] Cargill was notified of the findings of Mighty Earth’s investigation and did not deny that the company sourced its cocoa from protected areas in the Ivory Coast. 

Air pollution

In 2005, the company settled with the Department of Justice and Environmental Protection Agency over Clean Air Act violations, including a plan to invest over $60 million in capital improvements for clean air controls, after a joint federal and state effort that included Alabama, Georgia, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, North Dakota and Ohio.[53]

In 2006, NatureWorks, a subsidiary in Nebraska, settled with the state over inadequate air pollution controls.[54]

In 2015, Cargill settled with the EPA over Clean Air Act violations in a plant in Iowa.[55]

Career programs

Cargill offers several opportunities for graduates in Europe and United States. Some of the programs are:

  • European Graduate Program[56]
  • U.S. Undergraduate Program

Further reading

  • Broehl, Wayne G., Jr. (1992). Cargill: Trading the World's Grain. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. ISBN 9780874515725. OCLC 24376223.
  • Broehl, Wayne G., Jr. (1998). Cargill: Going Global. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. ISBN 9780874518542. OCLC 37606238.
  • Broehl, Wayne G., Jr. (2008). Cargill: From Commodities to Customers. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. ISBN 9781584656944. OCLC 183162237.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Cargill Five-Year Financial Summary". Cargill, Inc. July 16, 2018.
  2. ↑ Drake Baer (2 March 2015). "Cargill family has 14 billionaires - Business Insider". Business Insider.
  3. ↑ "Cargill: Our Company - Our History - 1865 - 1899".
  4. ↑ "How Delaware Thrives as a Corporate Tax Haven", Leslie Wayne. New York Times. June 30, 2012. Retrieved 17 feb 2017
  5. ↑ "Forbes.com - The Largest Private Companies". Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  6. ↑ "Fortune 500 2013 - Fortune on CNNMoney.com". CNN.
  7. ↑ "Cargill's Five-year financial summary". Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  8. ↑ "Cargill: Company overview".
  9. 1 2 3 Caroline Daniel, Château Cargill throws open its halls, Financial Times, February 26, 2004. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Neil Weinberg with Brandon Copple, Going Against The Grain, Forbes.com, November 25, 2002. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  11. ↑ "Excel History". ExcelMeats.com. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  12. ↑ https://www.cargill.com.ve/en/history-in-venezuela
  13. ↑ Matt McKinney, At $471,611 an hour, Cargill posts fine quarter, Star Tribune, April 15, 2008.
  14. ↑ Kneen, Brewster (2003). "Size is Everything". The Ecologist. 33 (3): 48–51.
  15. ↑ Muttitt, Greg (2001). "Control Freaks". The Ecologist. 31 (2): 52.
  16. ↑ Webb, Tom (2011-10-20). "A Cargill scientist, and a spy for China". Twin Cities Pioneer Press.
  17. ↑ "Cargill News Release". Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
  18. ↑ "Emporia Gazette". Emporia Gazette. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
  19. ↑ "Cargill building $100 million Indonesian cocoa plant". Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  20. ↑ "Phaseout of Cargill's Black River Asset Management completed".
  21. ↑ "Cargill selects site for new Wichita headquarters".
  22. ↑ Cargill unveils plans for $60 million Protein Group headquarters; Wichita Business Journal; December 1, 2016.
  23. ↑ "Joe Stone elected to Cargill Board of Directors". Cargill. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  24. ↑ Cargill, Inc. "Cargill Worldwide". Self-published. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  25. ↑ "Cargill invertirá USD 50 millones en nueva planta de balanceado animal en Ecuador". El Comercio.
  26. ↑ "Schilling Family". Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  27. ↑ "Schilling Family". Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  28. ↑ "Home - Diamond Crystal® Salt". www.diamondcrystalsalt.com. line feed character in |title= at position 5 (help)
  29. ↑ Cargill to sell ontario crop inputs, retrieved 8 August 2018
  30. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  31. ↑ Temple Grandin (2011-05-16). "Open the Barn Doors". The New York Times.
  32. ↑ "The Curse of Cotton: Central Asia's Destructive Monoculture" Archived August 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine., International Crisis Group, February 28, 2005, pages 39. See also page 2.
  33. ↑ Barnett, Marina (November 21, 2017). "Community Solidarity with Poultry Workers call for changes at Cargill". WHSV-TV. Gray Television. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  34. ↑ Wood, Victoria (April 5, 2018). "Nine protesters arrested outside Cargill in Dayton". WHSV-TV. Gray Television. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
  35. 1 2 Jane M. Hightower (2008). "11". Diagnosis: Mercury: Money, Politics, and Poison. Washington, DC: Island Press. pp. 141–151. ISBN 1-59726-395-8.
  36. ↑ Bakir F, Damluji SF, Amin-Zaki L, et al. (July 1973). "Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq" (PDF). Science. 181 (4096): 230–41. doi:10.1126/science.181.4096.230. PMID 4719063. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
  37. ↑ Skerfving SB, Copplestone JF (1976). "Poisoning caused by the consumption of organomercury-dressed seed in Iraq". Bull. World Health Organ. 54 (1): 101–112. PMC 2366450. PMID 1087584.
  38. ↑ Wisconsin Firm Recalls Ground Beef Products Due to Possible E. coli O157:H7 Contamination Archived October 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  39. ↑ "Cargill exports beef - tracking system at abattoir". Meat International. 2009-04-28. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
  40. ↑ http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_060_2011_Release/index.asp Archived August 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  41. 1 2 Curtis, Julie. "Cargill Issues Another Ground Turkey Recall". The Norwalk Daily Voice. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  42. ↑ Vitals (5 November 2014). "Contaminated ground beef sickens 10 in Vermont". NBC News. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  43. ↑ Feature story - December 12, 2003 (2003-12-12). "Soya blazes a trail through the Amazon | Greenpeace International". Greenpeace.org. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  44. ↑ Astor, Michael (2006-07-19). "Cargill finds resistance by environmentalists". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  45. ↑
  46. ↑ "Cargill – Eating up the Amazon" (PDF). Greenpeace. May 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
  47. ↑ "Beendete Petition - Für Cargills Palmöl brennt der Regenwald - Rettet den Regenwald e.V." Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  48. ↑ "Chocolate's Dark Secret". September 2017.
  49. ↑ Covey, R. and McGraw, W. S. “Monkeys in a West African bushmeat market: implications for cercopithecid conservation in eastern Liberia.” Tropical Conservation Science. 7.1 (2014): 115-125.
  50. ↑ Marchesi, P., Marchesi, N., Fruth, B., and Boesch, C. “Census and Distribution of Chimpanzees in Cote D’Ivoire.” PRIMATES. 36.4(1995): 591-607.
  51. ↑ “Poaching contributes to forest elephant declines in Côte d’Ivoire, new numbers reveal.” WWF. 05 September 2011. 
  52. ↑ Bitty, A. E., Gonedele, S. B., Koffi Bene, J.C., Kouass, P.Q.I and McGraw, W. S. “Cocoa farming and primate extirpation inside The Ivory Coast’s protected areas.” Tropical Conservation Science. 8.1(2015): 95-113. 
  53. ↑ "Clean Air Act Settlement With Cargill, Inc.", Department of Justice. September 1, 2005. Retrieved 17 feb 2017
  54. ↑ "Cargill's NatureWorks Will Pay Fines for Excess Pollutants from Nebraska Plant", Omaha World Herald. Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. December 1, 2006. Retrieved 17 feb 2017
  55. ↑ "Cargill, Inc., Agrees to Settle Clean Air Act Violations at Vitamin E Manufacturing Facility in Eddyville, Iowa", Chris Whitley. EPA. September 9, 2015. Retrieved 17 feb 2017
  56. ↑ "Cargill Career Programs". Retrieved 5 November 2014.
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