Capitella teleta

Capitella teleta
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Polychaeta
Family: Capitellidae
Genus: Capitella
Species: C. teleta
Binomial name
Capitella teleta
Blake, Grassle & Eckelbarger, 2009[1]

Capitella teleta is a small, cosmopolitan, segmented annelid worm. It is a well-studied invertebrate, which has been cultured for use in laboratories for over 30 years.[2] C. teleta is the first marine polychaete to have its genome sequenced.[3][4]

Initial discovery

For many years researchers believed that Capitella capitata was the only representative of this genus that survived, and flourished, in polluted environments. After the oil spill that occurred near Cape Cod in West Falmouth, Massachusetts in 1969, researchers collected sediment and found an abundance of what they believed to be C. capitata.[2][5] However, subsequent research showed that while the individuals collected from that region had very similar gross morphology, their life histories, methods of reproduction and genetics indicated there were at least six distinct species. Capitella species 1, eventually described as C. teleta in 2009, was one of the initial species identified from these surveys.[2][6]

Etymology

After 30 years of research on the group, Capitella teleta was officially described in 2009 by Blake et al. The species name is derived from the Greek word teleta, meaning "initiation". This word symbolizes that it was the first alternative Capitella species that was identified.[2]

Distribution

This organism is commonly found in sediments along the east and west coasts of North America. Additional reports have placed this group in the Mediterranean region as well as Japan.[2][7]

Habitat

Capitella teleta lives in shallow-water or in the intertidal. Capitellids are commonly thought of as opportunistic in nature, due to their ability to inhabit and flourish in organically enriched marine sediments.[2][5]

Morphology

C. teleta has a narrow, segmented body with sexually modified setae. This group exhibits sexual dimorphism and females setigers 8-9 have hooded hooks in the podia while males have genital spines on setigers 8-9. Generally, there are separate sexes, however, hermaphroditism is possible when there are low densities of females. Males, females and hermaphrodites are of similar size (max size collected was a male that is 24 mm in length).[2][7]

Early development

Initial embryogenesis of C. teleta is similar to spiralian development. Developmental studies have found that C. teleta is a semi-direct developer with a reduced segmented, non-feeding, pelagic larval stage. Metamorphosis into the juvenile state involves a transition in habitat (pelagic to benthic) and the beginning of feeding behavior with few morphological changes outside of an elongated body form.[8] In her 2016 review, Seaver notes the paradox of the conserved pattern of early development among molluscs, platyhelminthes, annelids and some nemerteans due to the enormous diversity of adult and larval body forms.[9]

Regeneration

Many annelids possess the capability to regenerate their anterior, posterior, or both ends of their body.[10] The posterior portion of C. teleta is capable of regenerating if sliced perpendicular to their sagittal axis.[11][12][13] Recent research found the capability of posterior regeneration in C. teleta is controlled by epimorphosis and several key Hox genes over a period of two weeks.[13]

Genome

The genome of Capitella teleta was sequenced in concert with the owl limpet, Lottia gigantean, and the freshwater leech, Helobdella robusta, by the Joint Genome Institute in 2013.[3][4] This was the first attempt at sequencing a marine polychaete and the sequencing and study of these three spiralian genomes provided an important perspective of early bilaterian evolutionary processes. Additionally, this work showed strong support for the monophyletic grouping of Lophotrochozoa.

The researchers found that when compared to other animal genomes, all three organisms possessed genome organization, gene structure and functional content that was more closely related to invertebrate deuterostome genomes than those of fellow invertebrate protostomes. C. teleta possessed a highly conserved genome with respect to other metazoans.[4][9]

References

  1. ↑ Blake, James A.; Grassle, Judith P.; Eckelbarger, Kevin J. (2009). "Capitella teleta, a new species designation for the opportunistic and experimental Capitella sp. I, with a review of the literature for confirmed records". Zoosymposia. 2: 25–53.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Blake, James A.; Grassle, Judith P.; Eckelbarger, Kevin J. (2009-08-31). "Capitella teleta, a new species designation for the opportunistic and experimental Capitella sp. I, with a review of the literature for confirmed records". Zoosymposia. 2 (1): 25–53. doi:10.11646/zoosymposia.2.1.6 (inactive 2018-09-26). ISSN 1178-9913.
  3. 1 2 "Home - Capitella sp. I ESC-2004". genome.jgi.doe.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
  4. 1 2 3 Simakov, Oleg; Marletaz, Ferdinand; Cho, Sung-Jin; Edsinger-Gonzales, Eric; Havlak, Paul; Hellsten, Uffe; Kuo, Dian-Han; Larsson, Tomas; Lv, Jie (2013-01-24). "Insights into bilaterian evolution from three spiralian genomes". Nature. 493 (7433): 526–531. doi:10.1038/nature11696. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 4085046. PMID 23254933.
  5. 1 2 L., Sanders, Howard; Frederick, Grassle, J.; R., Hampson, George; S., Morse, Linda; Susan, Garner-Price,; C., Jones, Carol (1980-05-01). "Anatomy of an oil spill : long-term effects from the grounding of the barge Florida off West Falmouth, Massachusetts". hdl:1912/3474.
  6. ↑ Grassle, Judith P.; Grassle, J. Frederick (1976-01-01). "Sibling Species in the Marine Pollution Indicator Capitella (Polychaeta)". Science. 192 (4239): 567–569. doi:10.1126/science.1257794. JSTOR 1741571.
  7. 1 2 Tomioka, Shinri; Kondoh, Tomohiko; Sato-Okoshi, Waka; Ito, Katsutoshi; Kakui, Keiichi; Kajihara, Hiroshi (2016-10-01). "Cosmopolitan or Cryptic Species? A Case Study of Capitella teleta (Annelida: Capitellidae)". Zoological Science. 33 (5): 545–554. doi:10.2108/zs160059. hdl:2115/68333. ISSN 0289-0003. PMID 27715419.
  8. ↑ Seaver, Elaine C.; Thamm, Katrin; Hill, Susan D. (2005-07-01). "Growth patterns during segmentation in the two polychaete annelids, Capitella sp. I and Hydroides elegans: comparisons at distinct life history stages". Evolution & Development. 7 (4): 312–326. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05037.x. ISSN 1525-142X. PMID 15982368.
  9. 1 2 Seaver, Elaine C (2016). "Annelid models I: Capitella teleta". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 39: 35–41. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.025. PMID 27318692.
  10. ↑ Bely, Alexandra E. (2006-08-01). "Distribution of segment regeneration ability in the Annelida". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 46 (4): 508–518. doi:10.1093/icb/icj051. ISSN 1540-7063. PMID 21672762.
  11. ↑ Hill, Susan D.; Savage, Robert M. (2009-01-01). Shain, Daniel H., ed. Annelids in Modern Biology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 88–115. doi:10.1002/9780470455203.ch6. ISBN 9780470455203.
  12. ↑ Giani, Vincent C.; Yamaguchi, Emi; Boyle, Michael J.; Seaver, Elaine C. (2011-05-05). "Somatic and germline expression of piwi during development and regeneration in the marine polychaete annelid Capitella teleta". EvoDevo. 2: 10. doi:10.1186/2041-9139-2-10. ISSN 2041-9139. PMC 3113731. PMID 21545709.
  13. 1 2 Jong, Danielle M. de; Seaver, Elaine C. (2016-02-19). "A Stable Thoracic Hox Code and Epimorphosis Characterize Posterior Regeneration in Capitella teleta". PLOS ONE. 11 (2): e0149724. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149724. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4764619. PMID 26894631.
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