Brachypodium

Brachypodium
Brachypodium pinnatum[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Monocots
Clade:Commelinids
Order:Poales
Family:Poaceae
Subfamily:Pooideae
Tribe:Brachypodieae
Harz (1880)
Genus:Brachypodium
P.Beauv. 1812 not Brid. 1826 (a bryophyte)
Type species
Brachypodium pinnatum
Synonyms[4]
  • Disticheia Ehrh.
  • Trachynia Link
  • Brevipodium Á.Löve & D.Löve

Brachypodium is a genus of plants in the grass family, widespread across much of Africa, Eurasia, and Latin America.[5][6][7][8][9][10] It is classified in its own tribe Brachypodieae.[11]

Flimsy upright stems form tussocks. Flowers appear in compact spike-like racemes with 5-25 flowers on each short-stalked spikelet in summer. Leaves are flat or curved.[12][13]

According to an October 18, 2010 issue of "Nature Online" Laura Longo, an archeologist at University of Siena in Italy found evidence of Brachypodium and cattail (Typha spp.) residues on prehistoric human grinding tools dated 28,000 years ago from Bilancino in central Italy.[14] A related article authored by Anna Revedin, Biancamaria Aranguren, Roberto Becattini, Laura Longo, Emanuele Marconi, Marta Mariotti Lippi, Natalia Skakun, Andrey Sinitsyn, Elena Spiridonova, and Jiří Svoboda, was contemporaneously published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America and clarifies that the grain residues resemble Brachypodium, based on a comparison to two modern specimens: "Among these, the grains, which are slightly angular, with hardly visible centric, point-shaped hila and adequate dimensions (in the sample measuring 9–14 μm), appeared very similar to those of Brachypodium or related genera." [15]

Species[4][16]
  1. Brachypodium × ambrosii - Spain
  2. Brachypodium × apollinaris - Spain
  3. Brachypodium arbusculum - Canary Islands
  4. Brachypodium bolusii - Lesotho, South Africa
  5. Brachypodium × cugnacii - Denmark, Ireland, France, Czech Rep
  6. Brachypodium × diazii - Spain
  7. Brachypodium distachyon - Mediterranean, Sahara, Sahel, southwest Asia from Portugal + Cape Verde to Sudan + Ukraine + Tibet
  8. Brachypodium firmifolium - Cyprus
  9. Brachypodium flexum - Africa from Sierra Leone to KwaZulu-Natal + Madagascar
  10. Brachypodium humbertianum - Madagascar
  11. Brachypodium kawakamii - Taiwan
  12. Brachypodium kotschyi - Turkey
  13. Brachypodium madagascariense - Madagascar
  14. Brachypodium mexicanum - Mexico, Central America, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
  15. Brachypodium perrieri - Madagascar
  16. Brachypodium phoenicoides - Mediterranean from Portugal + Morocco to Greece
  17. Brachypodium pinnatum - Africa + Eurasia from Ireland + Morocco to China + Yakutia
  18. Brachypodium pringlei - Mexico (Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Coahuila)
  19. Brachypodium retusum - Mediterranean + nearby areas from Portugal + Morocco to Ethiopia + Caucasus
  20. Brachypodium sylvaticum - Africa + Eurasia from Ireland + Morocco to Korea + New Guinea
formerly included[4]

numerous species once considered members of Brachypodium but now considered better suited to other genera: Agropyron Anthosachne Arundinella Brachyelytrum Brachysteleum Catapodium Cutandia Distichlis Elymus Festuca Festucopsis Lolium Micropyrum Poa Ptychomitrium Rostraria Triticum Vulpia

See also

References

  1. ↑ painting by the Swedish botanist C. A. M. Lindman (1856–1928), taken from his book(s) Bilder ur Nordens Flora (first edition published 1901–1905, supplemented edition 1917–1926?).
  2. ↑ lectotype designated by Niles & Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24: 196 (1925)
  3. ↑ Tropicos, Brachypodium P. Beauv.
  4. 1 2 3 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  5. ↑ Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie 100-101 in Latin
  6. ↑ Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie plante XIX (19), figure III (3 a-f) line drawings of Brachypodium pinnatum
  7. ↑ Flora of China, Vol. 22 Page 368 短柄草族 duan bing cao zu Poaceae Tribe Brachypodieae
  8. ↑ Flora of Pakistan, Brachypodium P. Beauv.
  9. ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Brachypodium
  10. ↑ Sanbi Red List of South African Plants
  11. ↑ Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Judziewicz, Emmet J.; Filgueiras, Tarciso S.; Davis, Jerrold I.; Morrone, Osvaldo (2015). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae)". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 53 (2): 117–137. doi:10.1111/jse.12150. ISSN 1674-4918.
  12. ↑ Watson L, Dallwitz MJ. (2008). "The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references". The Grass Genera of the World. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  13. ↑ Lord, Tony (2003) Flora : The Gardener's Bible : More than 20,000 garden plants from around the world. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-36435-5
  14. ↑ Callaway, Ewen (October 18, 2010). "Stone Age flour found across Europe". naturenews. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  15. ↑ Revedin, Anna; et al. (November 2, 2010). "Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (44): 18815–18819. doi:10.1073/pnas.1006993107. PMC 2973873. PMID 20956317. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  16. ↑ The Plant List search for Brachypodium
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