Bonnet Carré Spillway

Bonnet Carre Spillway on opening day 2011.
The Bonnet Carre Spillway diverting excess Mississippi River water.

The Bonnet Carré Spillway /ˈbɒniː ˈkɛriː/ is a flood control operation in the Lower Mississippi Valley. Located in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana – about 12 miles (19 km) west of New Orleans – it allows floodwaters from the Mississippi River to flow into Lake Pontchartrain and thence into the Gulf of Mexico. The construction of the Spillway was completed in 1931.

Bonnet Carré Crevasse

The Bonnet Carré Crevasse was one of several levee breaches in the Bonnet Carré area in 1871.[1] Local drainage systems were unable to contain the floodwater and strong winds caused the water to enter Lake Pontchartrain and surrounding urban areas. The river levee was not restored until 1883.[2]

Overview

Construction of Bonnet Carré Spillway, Louisiana, 1929.

The Bonnet Carré Spillway consists of two basic components: a control structure along the east bank of the Mississippi River and a floodway that transfers the diverted flood waters to the lake.[3] The control structure is a mechanically-controlled concrete weir that extends for over a mile and a half parallel to the river. When opened, the control structure allows overflow volume to flow into Lake Pontchartrain. The lake's opening to the gulf is sufficient to absorb and dissipate any conceivable volume of flood flow. Thus, the flood surcharge portion of the water from the Mississippi is divided between the main river and the diversion channel; with the surcharge bypassing the New Orleans metropolitan area, resulting in the Mississippi being lower (through that area) than it could have been; and reducing the stress on the area's levees that line the river. Confined by guide levees, the floodway stretches nearly six miles (10 km) to Lake Pontchartrain, with a design capacity of 250,000 cu ft/s (7,100 m3/s).[4] The spillway is crossed by U.S. 61 and Interstate 10.

The spillway was built in response to the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 that inundated much of the Mississippi River basin. It was first opened during the flood of 1937, and ten times thereafter through 2016 to lower river stages at New Orleans. The most recent opening began March 8, 2018,[5] when river levels in New Orleans were predicted to approach the flood stage of 17 feet (5.2 m) at the Carrollton Gauge which is located just upriver from Downtown New Orleans[6].

Structure & multi-state plan

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers opening the Bonnet Carre Spillway on May 9, 2011

The floodgate inlet is offset into the Mississippi River bank, at a location that had seen natural flooding for at least two centuries. The concrete structure has been designed to reduce settling into the riverbank. The opening and closing of the spillway is done by lifting out up to 7000 wooden 'needles' (8" x 12" wooden beams) arranged in 350 linear bays. This is done by two rail-mounted gantry cranes atop the spillway. The number of needles removed determines the water flow into the spillway. Gaps built into each bay allow limited seepage anytime the river level reaches the bottom of the bays. Removal of all 7000 needles takes about 36 hours but is usually done over a period of several days.

The spillway is part of the United States Army Corps of Engineers' multi-state plan, called the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project (MR&T), providing flood protection for the alluvial valley between Cape Girardeau, Missouri. and the mouth of the river near Venice, Louisiana. Due to the wide expanse of the project and the complex problems involved, the plan contains an array of features. The MR&T Project provides for levees to contain flood flows, floodways such as the Bonnet Carré to redirect excess flows away from the Mississippi, and other aspects such as channel improvement and river bank stabilization, for efficient navigation and protection of the levee system. It also involves reservoirs and pumping stations for flood control drainage.[7]

History of openings

Opening of the Bonnet Carré Spillway in March 1997.

Years when the spillway was opened, number of days it remained open, peak number of bays opened, percent of bays opened, and ideal flow capacity. Ideal flow capacity is calculated by ideal rate of flow for each bay multiplied by number of bays opened; remember that the spillway has a design capacity of 250,000 cu ft/s and there are 350 bays making the ideal rate of flow for each bay 714.3 cu ft/s.[8][9]

YearDaysBays Opened(%) OpenedIdeal flow capacity
19374828581.4%203,571 cu ft/s
194557350100%250,000 cu ft/s
195038350100%250,000 cu ft/s
197375350100%250,000 cu ft/s
19751322564.3%160,714 cu ft/s
197945350100%250,000 cu ft/s
198335350100%250,000 cu ft/s
19973129885.1%212,857 cu ft/s
20083116045.7%114,286 cu ft/s
20114233094.3%235,714 cu ft/s
20162221060.0%203,000 cu ft/s
20183016848.0%196,000 cu ft/s

[10]

[11]

Kugler and Kenner Cemeteries

View of the Bonnet Carré Spillway from road that is closed and under water when the floodgates are opened.

There are two cemeteries located in the Spillway. The cemeteries contain the remains of enslaved persons of African descent and free African-Americans, and the historic ground surface is under several feet of sediment. When the Spillway gates are opened, the cemeteries are flooded with water diverted from the Mississippi River into Lake Pontchartrain.

The location of the gravesites was a mystery until May 1975 when the US Corp of Engineers excavated a ditch in the spillway. During that process, a tombstone and casket were discovered. In 1986, the corps ordered a historical study of the spillway and discovered a second cemetery. The two cemeteries were placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 10/16/1987. The artifacts discovered during the 1986 study included coffin furniture, coffins, grave markers, cultural remains, and human remains. The archaeological district consists of the two discontiguous, but historically associated, historic cemeteries. The New Orleans District of the US Army Corps of Engineers performed additional historic research on the cemeteries in 2002-2005 and conducted additional archaeological investigations in 2008-2009.

The cemeteries, named the Kenner Cemetery and the Kugler Cemetery, are black burial plots which appear to date from the early 1800s, and were in use to 1929. Several African-American US Army Civil War veterans were moved from the spillway cemeteries to Chalmette National Cemetery in 1930. Research and archaeology has not determined the total number of burials in either cemetery. The sites are located on former adjoining 19th- and early 20th-century sugar plantations in St. Charles Parish. According to oral histories and confirmed by GIS analysis, both cemeteries were located in the midst of the cane fields of their respective plantations. The Kenner Cemetery, located on the former "Roseland Plantation," was reported to be marked by iron and wooden crosses during its period of use. No such markers were confirmed archaeologically, but one granite US veteran headstone was recovered from the site. The Kugler Cemetery, located on the former "Hermitage Plantation," was reported to contain iron crosses and a metal fence. One such iron cross and remnants of what could have been the fence were recovered during the 1986 archaeological investigations. At present the cemetery sites have been demarcated by young live oak trees.[12][13]

Natural resource management

Bonnet Carré Spillway on the Mississippi River viewed to the northeast with Lake Pontchartrain in the distance.

In 2007, extraction operations began on a 42-acre (170,000 m2) square section of spillway property. The 7,600-acre (31 km2) spillway, designed to divert rising water out of the Mississippi River during flooding seasons, long has been a major source of sand and clay that is used in construction projects throughout the area. But in the post-Katrina era, clay extracted from the spillway will be crucial to raising the levees in St. Charles Parish and east Jefferson Parish.

The spillway's secondary function is as a recreational area. It is used for off-road vehicles, biking, boating, hiking, hunting and fishing. It is designated as a protected wildlife management area by the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries.[14][15] To enhance fishing in the spillway, the clay extraction area pits were filled with water and stocked with bluegill, largemouth bass, and other fish.

Diversion projects

The success of the Caernarvon Freshwater and the Davis Pond Freshwater Diversions, especially concerning wetlands maintenance more than wetlands building, has led to studies for more fresh water diversion projects. Caernarvon and Davis Pond diversions have limits, because of laws governing their operation, aimed at limiting the flow of freshwater to minimize damage to oysters.[16] The Bonnet Carré Spillway diversion would be built within the spillway, on the east bank of the Mississippi, allowing up to 25,000 c.f.s. (i.e. ft3/s) of fresh water and sediment diversion into Lake Pontchartrain and the Mississippi Sound. The diversion would slow or stop subsidence[17] reducing marsh loss by 10,500 acres in the next 50 years, providing fish and wildlife protection, as well as further storm surge protection. The diversion was authorized by the Water Resources Development Act of 1988 (WRDA 1988) and Congress (1990) split the cost and maintenance between the Federal Government at 75%, Louisiana at 20% and Mississippi at 5%. Louisiana and Mississippi must agree to a final project design but in July 1996 Louisiana withdrew as a sponsor and as of 2016 an agreement has not been reached.[18]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Rogers, J. D. (2008). "Development of the New Orleans Flood Protection System prior to Hurricane Katrina". Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 134 (5): 602–617. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:5(602). ISSN 1090-0241.
  2. ↑ "Bonnet Carré Crevasse Historical Marker". StoppingPoints.com. StoppingPoints.com. 27 July 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  3. ↑ "Wayback Machine". 21 May 2011.
  4. ↑ "Wayback Machine". 21 May 2011.
  5. ↑ Roberts, Faimon (2018-03-08). "Bonnet Carre Spillway opens this morning; what to look for, expect". The New Orleans Advocate. The Advocate New Orleans. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
  6. ↑ Service, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather. "National Weather Service Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service". water.weather.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
  7. ↑ "Wayback Machine". 21 May 2011.
  8. ↑ Matt Scallan (11 April 2008). "Previous Spillway Openings". New Orleans Times-Picayune: A–1.
  9. ↑ "Corps Finishes Closing Bonnet Carre Spillway". WDSU/AP. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  10. ↑ "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Team New Orleans". Archived from the original on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
  11. ↑ "New Orleans District > Missions > Mississippi River Flood Control > Bonnet Carre' Spillway Overview > Spillway Operation Information". www.mvn.usace.army.mil.
  12. ↑ "Corps to check status of watery graves". Saint Charles Parish St. Charles Herald Guide. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
  13. ↑ Orton, Sara, Benjamin D. Maygarden, and Jill-Karen Yakubik, Background Research on the Kenner and Kugler Cemeteries, New Orleans District, US Army Corps of Engineers, 2005; Maygarden, Benjamin D., Kenner and Kugler Cemeteries Cultural Resource Management Plan, New Orleans District, US Army Corps of Engineers, 2012
  14. ↑ "Wildlife Management Areas". Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
  15. ↑ "Bonnet Carre Spillway". Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
  16. ↑ "What the Bonnet Carre Spillway opening means for Lake Pontchartrain".
  17. ↑ Tulane: Bonnet Carré Spillway diversion- Retrieved 2016-08-07
  18. ↑ USACE brochure: Bonnet Carré Spillway diversion- Retrieved 2016-08-07

Coordinates: 30°0′8″N 90°26′29″W / 30.00222°N 90.44139°W / 30.00222; -90.44139

 This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Corps of Engineers website https://web.archive.org/web/20110521053442/http://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/pao/BRO/Bonnet_Carre_041220.pdf.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.