Bicycle boulevard

Bicycle boulevard on Ankeny Street in Portland, Oregon

A bicycle boulevard, sometimes referred to as a neighborhood greenway,[1] neighborway,[2] neighborhood bikeway[3] or neighborhood byway[4] is a type of bikeway composed of a low-speed street which has been "optimized" for bicycle traffic.[5] Bicycle boulevards discourage cut-through motor-vehicle traffic but allow local motor-vehicle traffic. They are designed to give priority to bicyclists as through-going traffic. They are intended as a low-cost, politically popular way to create a connected network of streets with good bicyclist comfort and/or safety.

Bicycle boulevards attempt to achieve several goals:

  • discouragement of non-local motor vehicle traffic;
  • low speed limits;
  • low motor-vehicle traffic volumes;
  • free-flow travel for bikes by assigning the right-of-way to the bicycle boulevard at intersections wherever possible;
  • traffic control to help bicycles cross major arterial roads;
  • a distinctive look and/or ambiance such that cyclists become aware of the existence of the bike boulevard and motorists are alerted that the street is a priority route for bicyclists; and,
  • enhanced environment due to the promotion of bicycle usage.

These bikeway design elements are intended to appeal to casual, risk-averse, inexperienced and younger bicyclists who would not otherwise be willing to cycle with motor vehicle traffic. Compared to a bike path or rail trail, a bicycle boulevard is also a relatively low-cost approach to appealing to a broader cycling demographic.

Features

A bicycle boulevard is generally marked with a sign at the beginning and the end of the bicycle boulevard.[6] Also necessary for the road to be called a bicycle boulevard is coloring; in the Netherlands, the parts of the road where the cyclists ride on is marked in red (same color as used for segregated cycle facilities in the Netherlands). These sections of the road are called rabatstroken.[7] Motorists also ride on this section, yet also have a non-colored part of the road which they can drive on with one half (2 wheels) of the car when they wish to pass a cyclist.[8]

Bicycle boulevards may use a variety of traffic calming elements to achieve a safe environment. This makes it difficult for motorists to use the street at a high speed. However, they do not block access to motor vehicles completely (i.e. using bollards) which would designate the route as segregated cycle facilities rather than a bicycle boulevard.

Some bicycle boulevards have higher road surface standards than other residential streets, and encourage riders to use the full lane, encouraging parity between bicycles and motor vehicles.[9]

Discouraging non-local motor vehicle traffic

This diverter forces motor vehicles to turn, and allows through passage for bicyclists and pedestrians.

Permeable barriers such as bollards are sometimes used to allow cycling traffic to continue through while diverting motorized traffic from using the street as a through street.

Locations

United States

Bicycle boulevards can be found in a growing number of United States cities, including:

Palo Alto established the first Bicycle Boulevard[12] in the United States. It was named for Ellen Fletcher, a Holocaust survivor and one of America's first bike activists.[13]

In Berkeley, boulevards are mostly residential streets, but some sections pass through commercial areas. Generally there are few cars on these streets, in large part because of the pre-existing traffic calming devices that slow and/or divert traffic. Bicycle boulevards may or may not have bicycle lanes.

In Minneapolis, a grant from the federal government within the Non-Motorized Pilot Program helped to build a bike boulevard on Bryant Avenue and the planning of others.

Similarly in Columbia, Non-Motorized Pilot Program project helped fund the first bike boulevard in the State along Ash and Windsor Streets. At least one other was planned.

In Wilmington, help from a Fit Community 2009 grant through the North Carolina Health and Wellness Trust Fund enabled the City of Wilmington to construct North Carolina's first bicycle boulevard. The Ann Street Bicycle Boulevard runs from South Water Street to South 15th Street[14] and serves as part of the much longer River to the Sea Bikeway,[15] which connects downtown Wilmington to Wrightsville Beach.

In Portland, a $600 million 20-year plan (2010–2030) has the goal of making 25 percent of trips in the city be by bicycle through the establishment of 700 miles (1,100 km) of new bikeways; one of the projects within the plan is to combine the work on street features that reduce stormwater runoff with the construction of curb extensions and other components of bicycle boulevards.[16]

In Albuquerque, a city with more than 400 miles (640 km) of on-street bicycle facilities and multi-use trails,[17] the grand opening of the first bicycle boulevard in New Mexico was held on April 14, 2009. The bicycle boulevard runs from San Mateo Blvd SE, west along Silver Ave SE/SW to 14th St SW. It then continues north on 14th St to Mountain Rd NW. The last leg continues west on Mountain Rd NW to the Paseo del Bosque Recreation Trail which parallels the Rio Grande.[18]

In Madison, the first full bicycle boulevard spans East Mifflin Street in Madisons Tenney-Lapham Neighborhood, a second spans the entire length of Kendall Avenue in University Heights and the Regent Neighborhood.

In Seattle, the city is implementing a city-wide network of "Neighborhood Greenways".[11] The work is being carried out with the aid and cooperation of the non-profit "Seattle Neighborhood Greenways".[19]

US naming conventions

The City of Berkeley, California, is credited with coining the phrase "Bicycle Boulevard" in the late 1980s, but not every jurisdiction has adopted this term. In November 2011, the City of Boston began to use the term "Neighborways" instead of Bicycle Boulevards. This added to a growing list of terms for Bicycle Boulevards since Portland has been calling them "Neighborhood Greenways"; Seattle has followed the same convention.[11]

Other terms for bicycle boulevards in the US include:

  • Cyclestreets
  • Bike Boulevards
  • Quiet Streets
  • Neighborhood Byways
  • Bicycle Friendly Streets
  • Bicycle Friendly Corridors
  • Bicycle Parkways
  • Neighborhood Parkways
  • Bicycle Greenways

International examples

Road designs similar to the American concept of bicycle boulevards can be found in Canada (Vancouver, Saskatoon,[20] Winnipeg[21][22]), the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Spain and New Zealand.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, fietsstraat (cyclestreet) have a similar road design — although most residential streets in the Netherlands which do not have on-road bike lanes or segregated bike lanes would fit the American definition of bicycle boulevards. A fietsstraat can link dedicated bike-only paths, service roads, and other types of bike-friendly street configurations to complete a route. (Extensive information has been compiled about these facilities at the Pedal Portland blog[23] and the Northeastern University webpage.[24])

In Amsterdam for example, by 2005 about 40% of journeys were by bicycle and transport planners at the Dienst Infrastructuur Verkeer en Vervoer (Directorate Infrastructure Traffic and Transport) have adopted a bicycle policy that blends many different bike-friendly street designs such as segregated bicycle lanes, on-road bicycle lanes, and fietsstraat streets, among others.[25] The general concept is that cyclists can integrate relatively safely with vehicular traffic that is travelling at, or below, 30 km/h (19 mph) but that segregated bike lanes should be installed along roads with a higher speed limit. With these, and many other, bike-friendly policies in place, Amsterdam has the highest rate of cycling of any capital city in the world. Cyclestreets are also on the rise in other cities within the country, including Utrecht.[26][27]

Bicycle boulevard in Barcelona, Spain

Germany

In Germany a comparable road design is called Fahrradstraße (cyclestreet), introduced into the Highway Code in 1997.

Belgium

In Belgium, the rue cyclable (in French / Walloon) or fietsstraat (in Dutch / Flemish), was introduced into the Highway Code with effect from 13 February 2012.[28] One had earlier been introduced in the Visserij in Ghent (Gent/Gand) in the summer of 2011. The first one appeared in Brussels in 2013 on a service road alongside Avenue Louise.

The Open Street Map wiki on this subject may be of interest to reader.

Spain

In Spain, cyclestreets are known as ciclocalles.

New Zealand

In New Zealand, bicycle boulevards are generally designated as 'neighbourhood greenways',[29] although Auckland refers to them as Local Paths[30] to avoid confusion with its off-road greenways network. Christchurch was the first city to implement a number of neighbourhood greenway sections as part of its Major Cycle Routes programme, including the Rapanui - Shag Rock Stage 1 through Linwood.[31]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Neighborhood Greenways | The City of Portland, Oregon". Portlandoregon.gov. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  2. ↑ "Louisville Neighborways". LouisvilleKy.gov. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  3. ↑ "Neighborhood Bikeway Plan". Co.washington.or.us. 2015-05-13. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  4. ↑ "Transportation - What is a Neighborhood Byway? | Salt Lake City - The Official City Government Website". Slcgov.com. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  5. ↑ "Bicycle Boulevards - National Association of City Transportation Officials". Nacto.org. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  6. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-04-16. Retrieved 2014-04-15.
  7. ↑ "Fietsstraat" [Street bike] (in Dutch). Gemeentehuis Oss. April 14, 2011.
  8. ↑ "Image of colored parts of the road and non-colored section" (JPG). Verkeerskunde.nl. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  9. ↑ Forester, John (June 29, 1992). "Proper Strategy for Cyclists: Cyclist-Inferiority or Vehicular-Cycling?". Archived from the original on June 17, 2004.
  10. ↑ "Bicycle Boulevards". City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original on 2011-08-10. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  11. 1 2 3 "Neighborhood Greenways". Seattle Department of Transportation. February 2018. p. 1.
  12. ↑ Krieg, Martin. "Founder". National Bicycle Greenway (NBG). Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  13. ↑ Szczepanski, Carolyn. "Women's (Bike) History: Ellen Fletcher". News from the League, March 18, 2013. League of american bicyclists. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  14. ↑ "River to the Sea Bikeway in Wilmington, NC". Rivertoseabikeway.com. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  15. ↑ "River to the Sea Bikeway in Wilmington, NC". Rivertoseabikeway.com. 2016-05-07. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  16. ↑ James Mayer (March 6, 2010). "Mayor Adams finds $20 million for bike boulevards". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on 9 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  17. ↑ "Bicycling — City of Albuquerque". Cabq.gov. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  18. ↑ Silver Avenue Bike Boulevard Grand Opening; Posted on April 14, 2009, 9:55 pm, by Ben Savoca, www.bikeabq.org
  19. ↑ "Seattle Neighborhood Greenways :: Safe Streets for All". Seattle Neighborhood Greenways. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
  20. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-06-13. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
  21. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-08-26. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
  22. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
  23. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
  24. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-09-23. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
  25. ↑ (in Dutch) Dienst Infrastructuur Verkeer en Vervoer Archived 2005-01-27 at the Wayback Machine., official website of the Dutch Traffic and Transport Infrastructure Service
  26. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-04-16. Retrieved 2014-04-15.
  27. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-04-16. Retrieved 2014-04-15.
  28. ↑ https://wegcode.be/actueel/1952-fietsstraat-krijgt-officieel-verkeersbord
  29. ↑ 'neighbourhood greenways'
  30. ↑ 'local paths'
  31. ↑ "First Look: Rapanui Cycleway Stage 1 – Cycling in Christchurch". cyclingchristchurch.co.nz. Retrieved 2018-08-24.

Further reading

  • Transportation Research Board (2017). Neighborhood Greenways; Applications, Research & Effectiveness.
  • Walker, Lindsay; Tresidder, Mike; Birk, Mia (July 2009). Fundamentals of Bicycle Boulevard Planning & Design (PDF).
  • Minikel, Eric (2012). "Cyclist safety on bicycle boulevards and parallel arterial routes in Berkeley, California". Accident Analysis & Prevention. 45: 241–7. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.07.009. PMID 22269506.
  • Dill, Jennifer; McNeil, Nathan; Broach, Joseph; Ma, Liang (2014). "Bicycle boulevards and changes in physical activity and active transportation: Findings from a natural experiment". Preventive Medicine. 69 Suppl 1: S74–8. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.006. PMID 25456802.
  • Broach, Joseph; Dill, Jennifer; Gliebe, John (2012). "Where do cyclists ride? A route choice model developed with revealed preference GPS data". Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 46 (10): 1730–40. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2012.07.005.
  • Griswold, Julia; Medury, Aditya; Schneider, Robert (2011). "Pilot Models for Estimating Bicycle Intersection Volumes". Transportation Research Record. 2247: 1–7. doi:10.3141/2247-01.
  • McNeil, Nathan (June 4, 2010). Bikeability and the Twenty-Minute Neighborhood (PDF).
  • Shields, Margaret M. (2015). Investigating the campus cycling environment of a large southeastern university from an ecological perspective (PhD Thesis). University of Alabama. OCLC 915139278.
  • Lindsey, Greg; Wilson, Jeff; Anne Yang, Jihui; Alexa, Christopher (2008). "Urban Greenways, Trail Characteristics and Trail Use: Implications for Design". Journal of Urban Design. 13 (1): 53–79. doi:10.1080/13574800701804033.
  • Koorey, Glen (2012). Neighbourhood Greenways: Invisible Infrastructure for Walking and Cycling. 2 Walk & Cycle Conference. Hastings, New Zealand. hdl:10092/6832. OCLC 805587963.
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