Aristobulus I

For other people with this name, see Aristobulus (disambiguation) To see other rulers related or affiliated with Aristobulus, see List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers
Aristobulus I
King and High Priest of Judaea
Reign c. 104–103 BC (1 year)[1]
Predecessor John Hyrcanus, Maccabean leader
Successor Alexander Jannaeus
Died c. 103 BC
Spouse Salome Alexandra
Dynasty Hasmonean
Father John Hyrcanus I
Religion Hellenistic Judaism

Judah Aristobulus I /ˌærɪstəˈbjuːləs/ (Greek: Ἰούδας Ἀριστόβουλος Ioúdās Aristóboulos, the epithet meaning "best-advising";[2] reigned c. 104 – 103 BC[3]) was the first ruler of the Hasmonean Dynasty to declare himself "king". He was the eldest of the five sons of John Hyrcanus, the previous leader.[4][5]

Aristobulus was not only just the first king from the Hasmonean lineage, but the first of any Hebrew kings to claim both the high priesthood and the kingship title. The Sadducees and the Essenes were not concerned about Aristobulus taking the title of king, but the Pharisees were infuriated: they felt that the kingship could only be held by descendants of the Davidic line (the Hasmoneans were Levites). The Pharisees began a massive rebellion, but Aristobulus died before any attempt to depose of him could occur.[6]

Reign

Ascension as king

Hasmonean Kingdom under Aristobulus
  situation in 104 BC
  area conquered

According to the directions of John Hyrcanus, the country after his death was to be placed in the hands of his wife, and Aristobulus was originally to receive the high-priesthood only. Aristobulus did not approve of his father's wishes, instead, he seized the crown with the support of his brother Antigonus. To secure his kingship, he had his mother placed in prison where she starved to death; and to ensure himself of any possible endangerment from his family, he placed his three brothers into prison except for Antigonus.[7]

Conquest of Galilee

Much of the Galilee region was annexed by Aristobulus, however, there was some resistance from the Ituraean tribes from the northern parts of the region. The terrain made campaigning difficult against the Galilee inhabitants. In the end, Aristobulus would eventually conquer much of the territory from them.[8] The Golan region was also taken during the campaign and Mount Hermon as well.[9][10][7] The conquered inhabitants were forced to accept the Jewish faith, primarily, circumcision was forcibly performed as the main step to conversion.[11][7][12]

Death and successor

Aristobulus's feeble health gradually lead his remaining reign under the control of a clique, at the head of which stood Queen Alexandra Salome, his wife. Through his machinations reign, he was led to suspect his favorite brother, Antigonus—whom he had entrusted with a share in the government, and whom he treated almost as a coregent—of designs against him. When he showed signs of disease, the queen conspired to murder Antigonus. She deceived the king with suggestions that Antigonus was attempting to overthrow him by force. Salome then convinced Antigonus that his king wished to see his new armor, while telling Aristobulus that his brother was coming to kill him. Antigonus was killed by Aristobulus's guards before he could get close to his brother. Days later, Aristobulus died from pain and internal bleeding from an unknown disease, which Jews perceived his death as a sign of God's disgruntlement. The queen released the younger brothers from prison, placing Alexander Jannaeus on the throne.[13][14]

Archeological findings

Galilee and Golan settlements

Archaeological findings in eastern Galilee and lower Golan reveal massive ethnic changes in the area just before, during, and immediately after Aristobulus's reign. Beginning with John Hyrcanus and ending with Alexander Jannaeus, large numbers of pro-Hasmonean Jews immigrated into those territories to support Hasmonean political, economic, and religious ideology, displacing much of the pre-existing population. Although many of these towns were later seized by Roman forces who instituted pro-Hellenic policies, the previous Hasmonean influence survived and would incite conflict during and after the rule of Herod the Great.[15]

Coinage

The first mint of Hasmonean coins didn't begin until the leadership of John Hyrcanus.[Note 1] Like his father, Judah Aristobulus only minted his coins with the title of the high priesthood. It wasn't until Alexander Jannaeus that both the roles of kingship and the high priesthood were minted onto coins.[16][17] The majority of Judah's coins were found in the regions of Galilee and the Golan, primary, the largest amount of coins were from Gamla. Majority of them come from his actual reign, while a small amount of these coins were minted after.[15]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Hasmoneans were the first in Jewish history to struck coins as an independent government. Chancey, Mark A. (2005). Greco-Roman Culture and the Galilee of Jesus. Cambridge University Press. p. 168. ISBN 9781139447980.

Citations

Bibliography

  • Baskin, Judith R. (2011). The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521825979.
  • Brisco, Thomas V. (1999). Holman Bible Atlas. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9781433670312.
  • Buth, Randall; Notley, R. Steven (2013). The Language Environment of First Century Judaea: Jerusalem Studies in the Synoptic Gospels. BRILL. ISBN 9789004264410.
  • Ellens, J. Harold; Greene, John T. (2009). Probing the Frontiers of Biblical Studies. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781606084601.
  • Elwell, Walter A.; Comfort, Philip Wesley (2001). Tyndale Bible Dictionary. Tyndale House Publishers. ISBN 9780842370899.
  • Regev, Eyal (2013). The Hasmoneans: Ideology, Archaeology, Identity. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 9783525550434.
  • Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789053565032.
  • Horbury, William; Davies, W. D.; Finkelstein, Louis; Sturdy, John (1999). The Cambridge History of Judaism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521243773.
  • Losch, Richard R. (2008). All the People in the Bible: An A-Z Guide to the Saints, Scoundrels, and Other Characters in Scripture. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802824547.
  • Magness, Jodi (2012). The Archaeology of the Holy Land: From the Destruction of Solomon's Temple to the Muslim Conquest. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521124133.
  • Marshak, Adam Kolman (2015). The Many Faces of Herod the Great. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802866059.
  • Metzger, Bruce Manning; Coogan, Michael David (2004). The Oxford Guide to People & Places of the Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195176100.
  • Myers, E. A. (2010). The Ituraeans and the Roman Near East: Reassessing the Sources. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139484817.
  • Nickelsburg, George W. E.; Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan Jeffery (2003). George W.E. Nickelsburg in Perspective: An Ongoing Dialogue of Learning. BRILL. ISBN 9789004129863.
  • Rocca, Samuel (2009). The Army of Herod the Great. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781846032066.
  • Sayles, Wayne G. (1999). Ancient Coin Collecting VI: Non-Classical Cultures. F+W Media. ISBN 9780873417532.
  • Wine, Sherwin T. (2012). A Provocative People: A Secular History of the Jews. IISHJ-NA. ISBN 9780985151607.
Aristobulus I
 Died: 103 BC
Jewish titles
Preceded by
John Hyrcanus I		 King of Judaea
104 BC – 103 BC		 Succeeded by
Alexander Jannaeus
High Priest of Judaea
104 BC – 103 BC
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