Anti-Manchuism
Anti-Manchuism (Chinese: 排滿) refers to sentiment in China held against Manchus, especially against the Qing Dynasty, which was often resented for being foreign, despite a degree of cultural integration. This ethnic-based sentiment tended to be a subset of the greater anti-Qing sentiment. Some of the anti-Manchuists in the Qing dynasty stated "Fan qing fu ming" (simplified Chinese: 反清复明; traditional Chinese: 反清復明) to say they want to rebuild the Ming dynasty and overthrow the Qing dynasty.
Sun Yat Sen was the founder of Chinese Republic who overthrew the Qing Dynasty which ruled over all of China from 1644 to 1911 proclaimed as such when he launch his rebellion against the Qing Dynasty which was ruled by Manchus:
| “ | In order to restore our national independence, we must first restore the Chinese nation. In order to restore the Chinese nation, we must drive the barbarian Manchus back to the Changbai Mountains. In order to get rid of the barbarians, we must first overthrow the present tyrannical, dictatorial, ugly, and corrupt Qing government. Fellow countrymen, a revolution is the only means to overthrow the Qing government! | ” |
In 1911 Xinhai revolutionaries proclaimed that Han and Muslims were equal, but deliberately left out the Manchus in the original proclamation, and thus "can be seen as sanctioning" the massacre of Manchus in Xi'an.[1] The Muslims, led by Ma Anliang and Ma Qi proceeded to ignore the proclamation, and continued to fight for Qing against the revolutionaries. After the Manchu men in Xi'an were all killed, the Chinese Muslims rescued attractive Manchu girls and converted them into Muslims.[2]
References
- ↑ Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001). Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861-1928. University of Washington Press. p. 191. ISBN 0295980400. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ↑ Charles Patrick Fitzgerald, Norman Kotker (1969). The Horizon history of China. American Heritage Pub. Co. p. 365. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
Further reading
- BILLETER, TERENCE: L’empereur jaune: Une tradition politique chinoise (2005). Les Indes savantes.
- CHOW, KAI-WING: Narrating Nation, Race and National Culture: Imagining the Hanzu Identity in Modern China, in: CHOW KAI-WING, DOAK, KEVIN M. und POSHEK FU (ed.): Constructing nationhood in modern East Asia (2001). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 47–84.
- HARRELL, PAULA: Sowing the Seeds of Change – Chinese Students, Japanese Teachers, 1895-1905 (1992). Stanford/California: Stanford University Press.
- JUDGE, JOAN: Talent, Virtue and Nation: Chinese Nationalism and Female Subjectivities in the Early Twentieth Century, in: The American Historical Review (Vol. 106, No. 3, June 2001, pp. 765–803).
- LIU QINGFENG [劉青峰] (ed.): Minzuzhuyi yu Zhongguo xiandaihua [民族主義與中國現代化] (1994). Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
- LUST, JOHN: The Su-pao Case: An Episode in the Early Chinese Nationalist Movement, in: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. XXVII, Part 2, pp. 408–429.
- SHEN SUNG-CHIAO [沈松僑]: Wo yi wo xue jian Xuanyuan – Huangdi shenhua yu wan Qing de guozu jiangou [我以我血薦軒轅─ 黃帝神話與晚清的國族建構], in: Taiwan shehui yanjiu jikan, Ausgabe 28, Dezember 1997, pp. 1–77.
- SHEN SUNG-CHIAO (together with QIAN YONGXIANG [錢永祥]): Delimiting China: Discourses of 'Guomin' (國民) and the Construction of Chinese Nationality in Late Qing, paper presented at the Conference on Nationalism: The East Asia Experience, May 25–27, 1999, ISSP, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 20pp.（沈松僑/中研院近代史所助理研究員）.
- SAKAMOTO, HIROKO [坂元ひろ子]: Chūgoku minzokushugi no shinwa: jinshu – shintai – jendā [中国民族主義の神話 : 人種・身体・ジェンダー] (2004). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
External links
Gasster, Michael (1998). "Anti-Manchuism." In Modern China: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism, edited by Ke-Wen Wang, pp. 11–13. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0815307209.