Al-Hirah

Hira
al-Ḥīrah الحيرة
Ḥīrā ܚܝܪܬܐ
Shown within Iraq
Location Iraq
Region Najaf Governorate
Coordinates 31°53′0″N 44°27′0″E / 31.88333°N 44.45000°E / 31.88333; 44.45000Coordinates: 31°53′0″N 44°27′0″E / 31.88333°N 44.45000°E / 31.88333; 44.45000
A Persian miniature from the 15th century describing the constructing of al-Khornaq Castle (Persian: خورنگاه‎, which means Mansion) in Hira, the capital city of the Lakhmids; miniature painting by Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād

Al-Hirah (Arabic: الحيرة‎ al-Ḥīrah, Syriac: ܚܝܪܬܐ‎ Ḥīrtā) was an ancient city in Mesopotamia located south of what is now Kufa in south-central Iraq.

History

Middle Ages

Al-Hirah was a significant city in pre-Islamic Arab history. Al-Hirah (4th-7th centuries) served as the capital of the Lakhmids, an Arab vassal kingdom of the Sasanian Empire, whom it helped in containing the nomadic Arabs to the south. The Lakhmid rulers of al-Hirah were recognized by Shapur II (337-358), the tenth Sasanian emperor.

Ḥīrā was a Christian centre, being a diocese of the Church of the East between the fourth and eleventh centuries. A particular Mār 'Abdīšo' (Syriac: ܡܪܝ ܥܒܕܝܫܘܥ‎) was born in Maysan (Syriac: ܡܝܫܢ‎ Mayšān) and moved to Ḥīrā after studying elsewhere under Mār 'Abdā. There he gained widespread respect as he built a monastery and lived a pious life. The Sasanian emperor Bahram V won the throne with support of al-Mundhir I ibn al-Nu'man, king of Ḥīrā, in 420. He was amazed and showed great respect as he encountered the saint near the village of Bēṯ 'Arbī on his way back from the imperial capital Seleucia-Ctesiphon (Syriac: ܣܠܝܩ ܩܬܝܣܦܘܢ‎ Salīq-Qṭēspōn).[1]

From c. 527, al-Hirah was opposed by the Ghassanids, a Byzantine-sponsored Arab state in Syria and Palestine. The two powers engaged in a long conflict of their own that functioned as a proxy war for the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires.

In 531, the Sasanians defeated the Byzantine general Belisarius at the Battle of Callinicum south of Edessa (now in southeastern Turkey), with the help of al-Hirah. In 602, Khosrow II deposed al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir and annexed al-Hirah. The Muslim conquest of Persia occurred in the 7th century.

Spread of Islam

Following the Battle of Hira, the city was captured by army of the Rashidun Caliphate under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid in May 633.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Anthony Alcock (2014). The Chronicle of Seert.

Sources

  • Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, ed. (1999). The History of Al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen. State University of New York Press. pp. 370–371. ISBN 978-0-7914-4355-2.
  • Martindale, John R.; Jones, A.H.M.; Morris, John (1992), The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume III, AD 527–641, Cambridge University Press, p. 258, ISBN 0-521-20160-8
  • Bosworth, C. Edmund (2003). "ḤIRA". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 3. pp. 322–323.
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