Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)

Admiral of the Fleet
Insignia shoulder board and Sleeve lace for Admiral of the Fleet
The flag of an admiral of the Fleet is the Union Flag, and is in 1:2 rather than the 2:3 of other admirals' flags.[1]
Country  United Kingdom
Service branch  Royal Navy
Rank Five-star
NATO rank OF-10
Non-NATO rank O-11
Formation 1690
Next lower rank Admiral
Equivalent ranks
NaviesArmiesAir forces
Commissioned officers
Admiral of
the fleet
Field marshal or
General of the Army
Marshal of
the air force
AdmiralGeneralAir chief marshal
Vice admiralLieutenant generalAir marshal
Rear admiralMajor generalAir vice-marshal
CommodoreBrigadier or
brigadier general
Air commodore
CaptainColonelGroup captain
CommanderLieutenant colonelWing commander
Lieutenant
commander
Major or
Commandant
Squadron leader
LieutenantCaptainFlight lieutenant
Lieutenant
junior grade
or
sub-lieutenant
Lieutenant or
first lieutenant
Flying officer
Ensign or
midshipman
Second lieutenantPilot officer
Officer cadetOfficer cadetFlight cadet
Enlisted grades
Warrant officer or
chief petty officer
Warrant officer or
sergeant major
Warrant officer
Petty officerSergeantSergeant
Leading seamanCorporal or
bombardier
Corporal
SeamanPrivate or
gunner or
trooper
Aircraftman or
airman
Talk·View

Admiral of the Fleet is a five-star naval officer rank and the highest rank of the Royal Navy. The five-star NATO rank code is OF-10, although routine appointments ceased in 1995. The rank of Admiral of the Fleet is equivalent to a field marshal in the British Army or a marshal of the Royal Air Force.

History

The origins of the rank can be traced back to Sir John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp de Warwick, who was appointed 'Admiral of the King's Southern, Northern and Western Fleets' on 18 July 1360.[2] The appointment gave the command of the English navy to one person for the first time; the post would evolve into the post of Admiral of the Fleet.[3] In the days sailing ships the admiral distinctions then used by the Royal Navy when the fleet was divided into three divisions – red, white, or blue. Each division was assigned an admiral, who in turn commanded a vice-admiral and a rear admiral. In the 18th century, the original nine ranks began to be filled by more than one person at any one time. The admiral of the red was pre-eminent and became known as the admiral of the fleet.[4]

The organisation of the British fleet into coloured squadrons was abandoned in 1864, although the Royal Navy kept the White Ensign. When the professional head of the Royal Navy was given the title of First Naval Lord in 1828 (renamed First Sea Lord in 1904), the rank of admiral of the fleet became an honorary promotion for retiring First Naval Lords allowing more than one admiral of the fleet to exist at one time.

Since 1811 five members of the British Royal family, other than the monarch, and four members of foreign royal families have been appointed admirals of the fleet. Of the British royalty granted the rank, only one, the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII) had not seen service in the Royal Navy.

During the two World Wars a number of serving officers held active commissions as admirals of the fleet, as well as the First Naval Lord. Following the creation of the Chief of the Defence Staff in 1959, the five naval officers appointed to that position became admirals of the fleet. Recognizing the reduced post–Cold War size of the British Armed Forces, no further appointments were made to the rank after 1995 when Sir Benjamin Bathurst was appointed admiral of the fleet on his retirement as First Sea Lord. However, the rank was not abolished and in 2012 the Prince of Wales became an honorary admiral of the fleet (as well as field marshal and marshal of the Royal Air Force), in recognition of his support to Queen Elizabeth II in her role of as Commander-in-Chief of the British Armed Forces. In 2014, Lord Boyce, a former First Sea Lord and Chief of the Defence Staff, was also appointed an honorary admiral of the fleet.[5]

Admirals of the Fleet

Appointed
Image
Name
Born
Died
Notes
Reference
1690Edward Russell
(later Earl of Orford)
16521727[6]
1696Sir George Rooke16501709circa[7]
13 January 1705Sir Cloudesley Shovell16501707[8]
8 January 1708Sir John Leake16561720[9]
21 December 1708Sir Stafford Fairborne16661742circa[10]
12 November 1709Sir Matthew Aylmer16501720[11]
14 March 1718Sir George Byng
(later Viscount Torrington)
16631733[12]
20 February 1734Sir John Norris16701749[13]
1 July 1749Sir Chaloner Ogle16811750[14]
22 November 1751James Steuart16901757[15]
March 1757The Hon. George Clinton16861761[16]
30 July 1761The Lord Anson16971762[17]
17 December 1762Sir William Rowley16901768circa[18]
15 January 1768Sir Edward Hawke
(later Lord Hawke)
17051781[19]
24 October 1781The Hon. John Forbes17141796[20]
12 March 1796The Earl Howe17261799[21]
16 September 1799Sir Peter Parker17211811[22]
24 December 1811HRH The Duke of Clarence and St Andrews
(later HM King William IV)
17651837[23]
19 July 1821The Earl of St Vincent17351823acting from May 1814[24]
28 June 1830William Williams-Freeman17421832[25]
22 July 1830The Lord Gambier17561833[26]
22 July 1830Sir Charles Pole17571830[27]
24 April 1833Sir Charles Nugent17591844[28]
8 January 1844Sir James Hawkins-Whitshed17621849[29]
9 November 1846Sir George Martin17641847[30]
13 October 1849Sir Thomas Byam Martin17731854[31]
1 July 1851Sir George Cockburn17721853[32]
8 December 1857Sir Charles Ogle17751858[33]
25 June 1858Sir John West17741862[34]
20 May 1862Sir William Gage17771864[35]
10 November 1862Sir Graham Hamond17791862[36]
27 April 1863Sir Francis Austen17741865[37]
27 April 1863Sir William Parker17811866[38]
11 January 1864Sir Lucius Curtis17861869[39]
12 September 1865Sir Thomas Cochrane17891872[40]
30 November 1866Sir George Seymour17871870[41]
30 January 1868Sir James Gordon17821869on the Retired List[42]
15 January 1869Sir William Bowles17801869[43]
2 July 1869Sir George Sartorius17901885[44]
21 January 1870Sir Fairfax Moresby17861877[45]
20 October 1872Sir Houston Stewart17911875[46]
11 December 1875Sir Provo Wallis17911892[47]
22 January 1877Sir Henry Codrington18081877[48]
5 August 1877Sir Henry Keppel18091904[49]
27 December 1877The Earl of Lauderdale18031878[50]
27 December 1877Sir Rodney Mundy18051884[51]
15 June 1879Sir James Hope18081881[52]
15 June 1879Sir Thomas Symonds18131894[52]
10 June 1881Sir Alexander Milne, Bt.18061896on the Retired List[53]
1 December 1881Sir Charles Elliot18181895[54]
29 April 1885Sir Alfred Ryder18201888[55]
18 July 1887HRH The Prince of Wales
(later HM King Edward VII)
18411910honorary to non-Navy royalty[56]
1 May 1888Sir Geoffrey Hornby18251895[57]
8 December 1888Lord John Hay18271916First Sea Lord 1886[58]
2 August 1889HIM German Emperor William II18591941honorary, to foreign royalty[59]
13 February 1892Sir John Commerell18291901[60]
3 June 1893HRH The Duke of Edinburgh
(later Duke Alfred of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha)
18441900[61]
20 February 1895The Earl of Clanwilliam18321907[62]
23 August 1897Sir Algernon Lyons18331908[63]
29 November 1898Sir Frederick Richards18331912First Sea Lord 1893-1899[64]
13 January 1899Sir Nowell Salmon18351912[65]
3 October 1902Sir James Erskine18381911[66]
30 August 1903Sir Charles Hotham18431925[67]
16 June 1904Lord Walter Kerr18391927First Sea Lord 1899-1904[68]
20 February 1905Sir Edward Seymour18401929[69]
5 December 1905Sir John Fisher
(later Lord Fisher)
18411920First Sea Lord 1905-1910 and 1914-1915[70]
1 March 1907Sir Arthur Wilson18421921First Sea Lord 1910-1911[71]
11 June 1908HIM Tsar Nicholas II of Russia18681918honorary, to foreign royalty[72]
2 December 1908Sir Gerard Noel18451918[73]
27 January 1910HRH Prince Henry of Prussia18621929honorary, to foreign royalty[74]
30 April 1910Sir Arthur Fanshawe18471936[75]
6 May 1910 HM King George V18651936[76]
20 March 1913Sir William May18491930[77]
5 March 1915The Honourable Sir Hedworth Meux18561929[78]
2 April 1917Sir George Callaghan18521920[79]
3 April 1919The Viscount Jellicoe
(later Earl Jellicoe)
18591935First Sea Lord 1916-1918[80]
3 April 1919Sir David Beatty
(later Earl Beatty)
18711936First Sea Lord 1919-1927[81]
31 July 1919Sir Henry Jackson18551929First Sea Lord 1915-1916[82]
1 November 1919Sir Rosslyn Wemyss
(later Lord Wester Wemyss)
18641933First Sea Lord 1918-1919[83]
24 November 1920Sir Cecil Burney, Bt.18581929[84]
5 July 1921Sir Doveton Sturdee, Bt.18591925[85]
19 August 1921HRH The Marquess of Milford Haven18541921First Sea Lord 1912-1914. On the Retired List[86]
31 July 1924Sir Charles Madden, Bt.18621935First Sea Lord 1927-1930[87]
8 May 1925The Honourable Sir Somerset Gough-Calthorpe18641937[88]
24 November 1925Sir John de Robeck, Bt.18621928[89]
21 January 1928Sir Henry Oliver18651965[90]
31 July 1929Sir Osmond Brock18691947[91]
8 May 1930Sir Roger Keyes, Bt.
(later Lord Keyes)
18721945[92]
21 January 1933Sir Frederick Field18711945First Sea Lord 1930-1933[93]
31 July 1934Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt, Bt.18701951[94]
8 May 1935Sir Ernle Chatfield
(later Lord Chatfield)
18731967First Sea Lord 1933-1938[95]
21 January 1936HM King Edward VIII18941972[96]
12 July 1936Sir John Kelly18711936[97]
11 December 1936HM King George VI18951952[98]
21 January 1938The Earl of Cork and Orrery18731967[99]
7 July 1939Sir Roger Backhouse18781939First Sea Lord 1938-1939[100]
31 July 1939Sir Dudley Pound18771943First Sea Lord 1939-1943[101]
8 May 1940Sir Charles Forbes18801960[102]
21 January 1943Sir Andrew Cunningham
(later Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope)
18831963First Sea Lord 1943-1946[103]
22 October 1943Sir John Tovey
(later Lord Tovey)
18851971[104]
8 May 1945Sir James Somerville18821949[105]
21 January 1948Sir John Cunningham18851965First Sea Lord 1946-1948[106]
22 October 1948The Lord Fraser of North Cape18881981First Sea Lord 1948-1951[107]
20 March 1949Sir Algernon Willis18891976[108]
22 April 1952Sir Arthur Power18891960[109]
1 June 1952Sir Philip Vian18941968[110]
15 January 1953HRH The Duke of Edinburgh1921Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom 2011–present[111]
1 May 1953Sir Rhoderick McGrigor18931959First Sea Lord 1951-1955[112]
22 April 1955Sir George Creasy18951972[113]
22 October 1956The Earl Mountbatten of Burma19001979First Sea Lord 1955-1959 Chief of the Defence Staff 1959–1965[114]
10 May 1960Sir Charles Lambe19001960First Sea Lord 1959-1960[115]
23 May 1962Sir Caspar John19031984First Sea Lord 1960-1963[116]
12 August 1968Sir Varyl Begg19081995First Sea Lord 1966-1968[117]
30 June 1970Sir Michael Le Fanu19131970First Sea Lord 1968-1970[118]
12 March 1971Sir Peter Hill-Norton
(later Lord Hill-Norton)
19152004First Sea Lord 1970–1971 Chief of the Defence Staff 1971–73[119]
1 March 1974Sir Michael Pollock19162006First Sea Lord 1971–1974[120]
9 February 1977Sir Edward Ashmore19192016First Sea Lord 1977-1977 Chief of the Defence Staff 1977[121]
6 July 1979Sir Terence Lewin
(later Lord Lewin)
19201999First Sea Lord 1977–1979 Chief of the Defence Staff 1979–1982[122]
1 December 1982Sir Henry Leach19232011First Sea Lord 1979–1982[123]
2 August 1985Sir John Fieldhouse
(later Lord Fieldhouse)
19281992First Sea Lord 1982–1985 Chief of the Defence Staff 1985–1988[124]
12 April 1988HM King Olav V of Norway19031991honorary, to foreign royalty[125]
25 May 1989Sir William Staveley19281997First Sea Lord 1985–1989[126]
2 March 1992Sir Julian Oswald19332011First Sea Lord 1989–1993[127]
10 July 1995Sir Benjamin Bathurst1936First Sea Lord 1993–1995[128]
16 June 2012HRH The Prince of Wales1948Honorary rank[129]
13 June 2014The Lord Boyce1943Chief of the Defence Staff 2001-2003. Honorary rank[130]

See also

References

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  2. 1, St. George Tucker. Vol. (1996). Blackstone's commentaries: with notes of reference to the constitution and laws, of the federal government of the United States, and of the Commonwealth of Virginia; with an appendix to each volume, containing short tracts upon such subjects as appeared necessary to form a connected view of the laws of Virginia as a member of the federal union (Originally published: Philadelphia : William Young Birch, and Abraham Small, 1803. ed.). Union, NJ: Lawbook Exchange. p. xxxiii. ISBN 9781886363168.
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  4. "Squadronal Colours of the Royal Navy". Royal Naval Museum. Archived from the original on 14 December 2004. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  5. "2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians". Ministry of Defence. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  6. "Russell, Edward, Earl of Orford". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  7. "Rooke, Sir George". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  8. "Shovell, Sir Cloudesley". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  9. "Leake, Sir John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
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  11. "Aylmer, Matthew". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  12. "Byng, George, first Viscount Torrington". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  13. Heathcote, p. 197
  14. "No. 8864". The London Gazette. 4 July 1749. p. 6.
  15. Heathcote p. 236
  16. Heathcote, p. 45
  17. "No. 10126". The London Gazette. 28 July 1761. p. 2.
  18. "No. 10275". The London Gazette. 1 January 1763. p. 1.
  19. Heathcote, p. 109
  20. Heathcote, p. 87
  21. "No. 13875". The London Gazette. 15 March 1796. p. 258.
  22. Heathcote, p. 271
  23. "No. 16554". The London Gazette. 21 December 1811. p. 2454.
  24. "No. 17727". The London Gazette. 20 July 1821. p. 1511.
  25. "No. 18701". The London Gazette. 2 July 1830. p. 1369.
  26. "No. 18709". The London Gazette. 23 July 1830. p. 1539.
  27. "No. 18709". The London Gazette. 23 July 1830. p. 1539.
  28. "No. 19042". The London Gazette. 26 April 1833. p. 793.
  29. "No. 20305". The London Gazette. 16 January 1844. p. 146.
  30. "No. 20660". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 November 1846. p. 3994.
  31. "No. 21037". The London Gazette. 13 November 1849. p. 3387.
  32. "No. 21225". The London Gazette. 8 July 1851. p. 1769.
  33. "No. 22071". The London Gazette. 11 December 1857. p. 4367.
  34. "No. 22157". The London Gazette. 29 June 1858. p. 3090.
  35. "No. 22627". The London Gazette. 20 May 1862. p. 2616.
  36. "No. 22679". The London Gazette. 10 November 1862. p. 5343.
  37. "No. 22730". The London Gazette. 28 April 1863. p. 2246.
  38. "No. 22730". The London Gazette. 28 April 1863. p. 2246.
  39. "No. 22806". The London Gazette. 12 January 1864. p. 157.
  40. "No. 23014". The London Gazette. 15 September 1865. p. 4466.
  41. "No. 23187". The London Gazette. 20 November 1866. p. 6158.
  42. "No. 23349". The London Gazette. 4 February 1868. p. 537.
  43. "No. 23462". The London Gazette. 26 January 1869. p. 407.
  44. "No. 23516". The London Gazette. 13 July 1869. p. 3958.
  45. "No. 23582". The London Gazette. 1 February 1870. p. 598.
  46. "No. 23915". The London Gazette. 1 November 1872. p. 5106.
  47. "No. 24278". The London Gazette. 24 December 1875. p. 6577.
  48. "No. 24411". The London Gazette. 30 January 1877. p. 436.
  49. "No. 24497". The London Gazette. 24 August 1877. p. 4957.
  50. "No. 24537". The London Gazette. 1 January 1878. p. 2.
  51. "No. 24537". The London Gazette. 1 January 1878. p. 2.
  52. 1 2 "No. 24734". The London Gazette. 17 June 1879. p. 3967.
  53. "No. 24997". The London Gazette. 19 July 1881. p. 3548.
  54. "No. 25044". The London Gazette. 2 December 1881. p. 6470.
  55. "No. 25466". The London Gazette. 1 May 1885. p. 1984.
  56. Heathcote, p. 68
  57. "No. 25816". The London Gazette. 15 May 1888. p. 2766.
  58. "No. 25883". The London Gazette. 14 December 1888. p. 7140.
  59. Heathcote, p. 261
  60. "No. 26262". The London Gazette. 26 February 1892. p. 1108.
  61. Heathcote, p. 10
  62. "No. 26601". The London Gazette. 22 February 1895. p. 1066.
  63. "No. 26885". The London Gazette. 24 August 1897. p. 4726.
  64. "No. 27029". The London Gazette. 2 December 1898. p. 7818.
  65. "No. 27043". The London Gazette. 17 January 1899. p. 298.
  66. "No. 27483". The London Gazette. 17 October 1902. p. 6569.
  67. "No. 27593". The London Gazette. 1 September 1903. p. 5476.
  68. "No. 27692". The London Gazette. 5 July 1904. p. 4259.
  69. "No. 27766". The London Gazette. 21 February 1905. p. 1279.
  70. "No. 27861". The London Gazette. 8 December 1905. p. 8812.
  71. "No. 28001". The London Gazette. 5 March 1907. p. 1574.
  72. Heathcote, p. 192
  73. "No. 28201". The London Gazette. 1 December 1908. p. 9182.
  74. Heathcote, p. 113
  75. "No. 28362". The London Gazette. 3 May 1910. p. 3063.
  76. Heathcote, p. 98
  77. "No. 28703". The London Gazette. 21 March 1913. p. 2159.
  78. "No. 29094". The London Gazette. 9 March 1915. p. 2365.
  79. "No. 30008". The London Gazette. 3 April 1917. p. 3206.
  80. "No. 31327". The London Gazette. 6 May 1919. p. 5653.
  81. "No. 31327". The London Gazette. 6 May 1919. p. 5653.
  82. "No. 31489". The London Gazette. 5 August 1919. p. 9961.
  83. "No. 31715". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 January 1920. p. 57.
  84. "No. 32150". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 December 1920. p. 11942.
  85. "No. 32394". The London Gazette. 19 July 1921. p. 5733.
  86. Order in Council of 19 August 1921; ADM 196/38
  87. "No. 32962". The London Gazette. 5 August 1924. p. 5889.
  88. "No. 33049". The London Gazette. 22 May 1925. p. 3445.
  89. "No. 33110". The London Gazette. 1 December 1925. p. 7950.
  90. "No. 33354". The London Gazette. 7 February 1928. p. 856.
  91. "No. 33523". The London Gazette. 6 August 1929. p. 5145.
  92. "No. 33604". The London Gazette. 9 May 1930. p. 2867.
  93. "No. 33905". The London Gazette. 24 January 1933. p. 524.
  94. "No. 34076". The London Gazette. 7 August 1934. p. 5054.
  95. "No. 34159". The London Gazette. 10 May 1935. p. 3048.
  96. Heathcote, p. 69
  97. "No. 34308". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 July 1936. p. 4742.
  98. Heathcote, p. 99
  99. "No. 34476". The London Gazette. 25 January 1938. p. 512.
  100. Heathcote, p. 21
  101. "No. 34651". The London Gazette. 4 August 1939. p. 5393.
  102. "No. 34849". The London Gazette. 14 May 1940. p. 2892.
  103. Heathcote, p. 60
  104. "No. 36255". The London Gazette. 19 November 1943. p. 5088.
  105. Heathcote, p. 233
  106. "No. 38210". The London Gazette. 17 February 1948. p. 1128.
  107. Heathcote, p. 90
  108. "No. 38595". The London Gazette. 26 April 1949. p. 2052.
  109. "No. 39571". The London Gazette. 13 June 1952. p. 3238.
  110. "No. 39606". The London Gazette. 25 July 1952. p. 3999.
  111. Heathcote, p. 210
  112. Heathcote, p. 162
  113. "No. 40487". The London Gazette. 24 May 1955. p. 3011.
  114. "No. 40927". The London Gazette. 16 November 1956. p. 6492.
  115. "No. 42058". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 June 1960. p. 4037.
  116. "No. 42704". The London Gazette. 15 June 1962. p. 4777.
  117. Heathcote, p. 29
  118. "No. 45138". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 June 1970. p. 7183.
  119. "No. 45331". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 March 1971. p. 2937.
  120. "No. 46225". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 March 1974. p. 2887.
  121. "No. 47160". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 March 1977. p. 2825.
  122. "No. 47904". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 July 1979. p. 8998.
  123. "No. 49174". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 November 1982. p. 15293.
  124. Heathcote, p.78
  125. "No. 51297". The London Gazette (3rd supplement). 12 April 1988. p. 4327.
  126. Heathcote, p. 235
  127. Heathcote, p. 204
  128. Heathcote, p. 23
  129. "No. 60350". The London Gazette. 7 December 2012. p. 23557.
  130. "2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians". Ministry of Defence. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.

Sources

  • Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.
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