Abhogi

Abhogi
Mela 22nd, Kharaharapriya[1]
Type Audava–Audava[1]
Arohanam S R₂ G₂ M₁ D₂ Ṡ[1]
Avarohanam Ṡ D₂ M₁ G₂ R₂ S[1]
Jeeva svaras G₂[1]
Chhaya svaras D₂[1]
Equivalent Abhogi Kanada

Abhogi (Ābhōgi) is a raga in Carnatic music and has been adapted to Hindustani music.[2] It is a pentatonic scale, an audava raga. It is a derived scale (janya raga), as it does not have all the seven swaras (musical notes). Ābhōgi has been borrowed from Carnatic music into Hindustani music and is also quite popular in the latter.[3][4]

Theory

Ābhōgi scale with shadjam at C
Arohanam and Avarohanam for Abhogi

The Carnatic raga Abhogi is a symmetric pentatonic scale that does not contain panchamam and nishadam. It is called an audava-audava raga,[3][4] as it has 5 notes in both ascending and descending scales. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is as follows:

The notes used are shadjam, chathusruti rishabham, sadharana gandharam, shuddha madhyamam and chathusruthi dhaivatham. Ābhōgi is considered a janya raga of Kharaharapriya, the 22nd Melakarta raga, though it can be derived from Gourimanohari too, by dropping both panchamam and nishadam.

Graha bhedam

Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to the next note in the rāgam. Abhogi's notes, when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields another pentatonic rāgam, Valaji. For more details and illustration of this concept refer Graha bhedam on Ābhōgi.

According to P.Moutal, the raga Kalavati is a transposition of Abhogi.[5]

Scale similarities

  • Sriranjani is a rāgam which has kaishiki nishadam in both ascending and descending scales in addition to the notes in Ābhōgi. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R₂ G₂ M₁ D₂ N₂ Ṡ : Ṡ N₂ D₂ M₁ G₂ R₂ S
  • Shuddha Saveri is a rāgam which has the panchamam in place of the gandharam. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is Ṡ R₂ M₁ P D₂ Ṡ : Ṡ D₂ P M₁ R₂ S

Notable compositions

Abhogi is a raga used for compositions in a medium to fast tempo. It has been used by many composers in classical music and film music. Notable traditional compositions in Abhogi include:

In Hindustani music

Abhogi Kanada
Thaat Kafi[2]
Type Audava–Audava
Time of day Early night, 9–12[2]
Arohana S R G̱ M D Ṡ[6]
Avarohana
  • Ṡ D M G̱ M R S
  • Ṡ D M G̱ R S
Synonym Abhogi
Similar Bageshri[2]

The Carnatic raga was incorporated relatively recently into Hindustani classical music where it is known as Abhogi Kanada (IAST: Abhogi Kānaḍā) or simply, Abhogi. The Kanada indicates its origin as a member of the Kanada group. Abhogi Kanada is assigned to the Kafi thaat.[2][6]

The Carnatic and Hindustani Abhogis have almost identical arohanas and avarohanas. However, one major differences is that the Carnatic raga uses the Kanada vakra (out of sequence) phrase G₂ M₁ R₂ S[lower-alpha 3] in a straight manner.[1]

Theory

Pa and Ni are omitted. Also Re is often omitted in ascent. Flat Ga is often approached from Ma in ascent and has a slight oscillation to show the typical Kanada. In descent often the typical Kanada phrase G̱ M̄ R S is used.

Related ragas: Bageshree. However, Bageshree also includes flat Ni and a limited use of Pa, which gives a different flavour.[2]

Compositions

Hindustani compositions of note in Abhogi Kanada include:[6]

  • Par gaya chahai sab koi in Ektal by Raidas
  • Jayati siri radhike in Jhaptal by Gadadhar Bhatt
  • Ek barajori kare saiyya in Jhumratal

Important Recordings

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Alternate notations:
    • Hindustani: S R G̱ M D Ṡ
    • Western: C D D# F A C
  2. ↑ Alternate notations:
    • Hindustani: Ṡ D M G̱ R S
    • Western: C A F D# D C
  3. ↑ Alternate notations:
    • Hindustani: G̱ M R S
    • Western: D# F D C
  4. ↑ Alternate notations:
    • Carnatic: S R₂ G₂ M₁ D₂ Ṡ
    • Western: C D D# F A C
  5. ↑ Alternate notations:
    • Carnatic: Ṡ D₂ M₁ G₂ R₂ S
    • Western: C A F D# D C
  6. ↑ Alternate notations:
    • Carnatic: Ṡ D₂ M₁ G₂ R₂ S
    • Western: C A F D# D C

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 OEMI:A.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bor & Rao 1999.
  3. 1 2 Ragas in Carnatic music by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications
  4. 1 2 Raganidhi by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras
  5. ↑ P.Moutal, p. 462
  6. 1 2 3 OEMI:AK.

Sources

  • Bor, Joep; Rao, Suvarnalata (1999). The Raga Guide: A Survey of 74 Hindustani Ragas. Nimbus Records with Rotterdam Conservatory of Music. p. 16. ISBN 9780954397609.
  • Ābhōgi Rāga (Kar), The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195650983. Retrieved 6 October 2018. (Subscription required (help)).
  • Abhogi Kānaḍā Rāga (Hin), The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195650983. Retrieved 6 October 2018. (Subscription required (help)).
  • Moutal, Patrick (1991), Hindustāni Rāga-s Index, New Dehli: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd, ISBN 81-215-0525-7
  • Mani, Charulatha (2 March 2012). "A Raga's Journey — Arresting Abhogi". The Hindu.
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