Muthuswami Dikshitar

Muthuswami Dikshitar
Muthuswami Dikshitar
Born (1775-03-24)24 March 1775
Tiruvarur, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
Died 21 October 1835(1835-10-21) (aged 60)
Ettayapuram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
Other names Guruguha
Occupation Carnatic music composer
Parent(s)

Muthuswami Dikshita (IAST: Muttusvāmi Dīkṣita, 24 March 1775–21 October 1835) or Dikshitar[lower-alpha 1] was a South Indian poet and composer and is one of the musical trinity of Carnatic music. His compositions, of which around 500 are commonly known, are noted for their elaborate and poetic descriptions of Hindu gods and temples and for capturing the essence of the raga forms through the vainika (veena) style that emphasises gamakas. They are typically in a slower speed (chowka kala). He is also known by his signature name of Guruguha which is also his mudra (and can be found in each of his songs). His compositions are widely sung and played in classical concerts of Carnatic music.

The musical trinity consists of Dikshitar, Tyagaraja (1767–1847), and Syama Sastri (1762–1827). However, unlike the Telugu compositions of the others, his compositions are predominantly in Sanskrit. He also composed some of his Kritis in Manipravalam (a mixture of Sanskrit, Telugu and Tamil).

Early life

Muthuswami Dikshitar was born on 24 March 1775 in Tiruvarur near Thanjavur in what is now the state of Tamil Nadu in India. He was the eldest son of the composer, Ramaswami Dikshitar who instructed in a number of subjects including the vedas, poetry, music, and astrology.[1] Muthuswami had two brothers, Chinnaswami (Cinnasvāmi) and Balaswami (Bālāsvāmi),[lower-alpha 2] and a sister, Balāmba.[2]

Muthuswami moved to the town of Manali, near Madras (now Chennai) at the behest of Venkatakrishna Mudaliar, a local zamindar. The Dikshitar brothers accompanied the zamindar to Fort St. George nearby where they were introduced to Western orchestral music and the violin. An ascetic named Chidambaranatha Yogi then took Muthuswami under his wing and away to the city of Benares (now Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh). There he was instructed in music, esoterics, philosophy, and yoga. He was also exposed to Hindustani classical music, particularly the Dhrupad style, which, according to some scholars, would influence his later compositions.[lower-alpha 3][1]

Upon the death of Chidamabaranatha Yogi, Dikshitar returned South from Benares and moved to the town of Tiruttani near Tirupati.[1]

Career

According to legend, Murugan, the deity of the temple at Tirutani, placed a piece of sugar candy in Dikshitar's mouth and commanded him to sing. This marked the beginning of his career in music and also led to him adopting the mudra, Guruguha, one of the many names of Murugan.[3] His first composition was Śrināthādi guruguho jayati jayati in the raga Maya Malavagaula and Adi tala.[1]

This song addressed the Lord (and/or the guru) in the first declension in Sanskrit. Dikshitar later composed kritis in all the eight declensions on the Lord. These are mostly with epithets glorifying Muruga in the ascetic/preceptor form and have very few references to specifically the deity in the saguna form, as at Thiruthani.[4]

He then went on a pilgrimage visiting and composing at the temples at Kanchi, Tiruvannamalai, Chidambaram, Tirupathi and Kalahasthi, Srirangam, before returning to Tiruvarur.

Muthuswami Dikshitar attained mastery over the veena, and the influence of veena playing is evident in his compositions, particularly the gamakas. In his kriti Balagopala, he introduces himself as a vainika ga¯yaka, "a player of the veena".[5] He experimented with the violin, and among his disciples, Vadivelu of the Thanjavur Quartet, and his brother Balaswami Dikshitar pioneered the use of violin in Carnatic music, now an integral part of most Carnatic ensembles.

On his return to Tiruvarur, he composed on every deity in the Tiruvarur temple complex including Tyagaraja (an amsham of Lord Shiva), the presiding deity, Nilotpalambal, his consort, and the Goddess Kamalambal an independent deity of high tantric significance in the same temple complex. This is when he composed the famous Kamalamba Navavarna kritis, filled with exemplary sahityas on the deities of the Sri Chakra which proved to be the showcase of his compositions. These navavaranams were in all the eight declensions of the Sanskrit language and are sung as a highlight of Guruguha Jayanti celebrated every year. He continued to display his prowess by composing the Navagraha Kritis in praise of the nine planets. The sahitya of the songs reflect a profound knowledge of the Mantra and Jyotisha sastras. The Nilotpalamba Kritis is another classic set of compositions which revived dying ragas like Narayanagaula, Purvagaula, and Chayagaula.

Death and legacy

Subbarama Dikshitar (1839–1906)[6]

Muthuswami Dikshitar died on 21 October 1835 at Ettayapuram. He had no children. A samadhi was erected at Ettayapuram in his memory and attracts musicians and admirers of his art.[1]

Muthuswami Dikshitar's brothers Chinnaswami (1778–c. 1823) and Balaswami Dikshitar (1786–1858) were also noted musicians. Chinnaswami composed some kritis[7] while Balaswami adapted and pioneered the use of the Western violin in Carnatic music. The two of them were primarily vocalists and performed together as a duo singing Muthuswami's compositions. Balaswami's grandson[lower-alpha 4] was the composer and scholar, Subbarama Dikshitar (1839–1906).[8][2] In his Sangeeta Sampradaya Pradarshini (IAST: Saṅgīta sampradāya pradarśini), Subbarama records 229 of Muthuswami Dikshitar's kritis.[9]

Dikshitar's disciples included a number of renowned artists who carried forward his tradition. They included the Tanjore quartet brothers, Ponnayya Pillai, Vadivelu, Chinnayya and Sivanandam, the mridangam player Tambiyappa, the veena player Venkatarama Ayyar of Avudayarkoil, Tiruvarur Kamalam, Vallalarkoil Ammani, Kornad Ramaswamy, Tirukkadeyur Bharati, Thevvoor Subrahmania Ayyar, and the son of his Shyama Shastri, Subbaraya Shastri.[1]

The creativity and prolific volume of his compositions have elevated Dikshitar to a place in the Trinity of Carnatic music alongside his two contemporaries from Tiruvarur, Tyagaraja and Shyama Shastri.[10][3]

Compositions

His total compositions are about 450 to 500, most of which are very widely sung by musicians today in Carnatic music concerts. Most of his compositions are in Sanskrit and in the Krithi form, i.e., poetry set to music. Muthuswami Dikshitar travelled to many holy shrines throughout his life, and composed krithis on the deities and temples he visited. Dikshitar is considered to have composed on the widest range of deities for any composer.

Each of his compositions is unique and brilliantly crafted. The compositions are known for the depth and soulfulness of the melody — his visions of some of the ragas are still the final word on their structure. His Sanskrit lyrics are in praise of the temple deity, but Muthuswami introduces the Advaita thought seamlessly into his songs, resolving the inherent relationship between Advaita philosophy and polytheistic worship. His songs also contain much information about the history of the temple, and its background, thus preserving many customs followed in these old shrines. Another noticeable feature in his compositions are the proficient rhyming of lines in the lyrics.

Muthuswami also undertook the project of composing in all the 72 Melakartha ragas, (in his Asampurna Mela scheme) thereby providing a musical example for many rare and lost ragas.[11] Also, he was the pioneer in composing samashti charanam krithis (songs in which the main stanza or pallavi is followed by only one stanza, unlike the conventional two).[12] Dikshitar was a master of tala and is the only composer to have kritis in all the seven basic talas of the Carnatic scheme. Dikshitar shows his skill in Sanskrit by composing in all the eight declensions.

For richness of raga bhava, sublimity of their philosophic contents and for the grandeur of the sahitya, the songs of Dikshitar stand unsurpassed.

Muthuswami Dikshitar composed many kritis in groups. Vatapi Ganapatim is regarded his best-known work.

Shri Nilotpala Nayike, in the raga Reethigowlai. A composition by Muthuswamy Dikshitar. The rendition was part of the Smt Kalpakam Swaminathan memorial concert at Naada Inbam, Chennai.

Muthuswami Dikshitar composed one song (Shri Kantimatim Shankara Yuvatim Shri Guruguhajananim Vandeham. Samashti Charanam Hrîmkâra Bîjâkâra vadanâm Hiranya manimaya Shôbhâ Sadanâm) on the Nellaiappar Temple goddess Kanthimathi Amman. This song is considered to be a rare song set in the rare raga.[13] He is also said to have composed a Rama Ashtapathi along with Upanishad Brahmendral at Kanchipuram. This work has been lost.

At a young age, Dikshitar was also exposed to the music of the Western bands at Fort St. George. At a later stage, Dikshitar composed some forty songs to several (mostly western folk) tunes loosely adopted to ragas such as sankarabharaNa. This corpus is now known as nottusvara sahitya (etym. nottusvara = "notes" swara). The influence of Celtic and Baroque styles in these compositions is quite evident (e.g., Sakthi Sahitha Ganapatim,[14] to the tune of voulez-vous dancer,[15] Varashiva Balam). There is an erroneous belief that these were composed at the behest of CP Brown, the Collector of Cuddappah. This is not possible as the two could have never met. Muthuswami Diskhitar had left Madras by 1799.[16] Brown came to Madras only in 1817, learned Telugu in 1820 and moved to Cuddappah the same year.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The -r suffix is a Tamil honorific.
  2. ↑ He is also named Baluswami in some sources.
  3. ↑ Those holding this view list works such as Rangapura vihāra and Śri saundara rājam (both in Vrindāvani Sārang), Śri Satyanārāyaṇam and Paśupatīśwaram (Śubha Pantuvarāḷi), Jamboopaté pāhimām (Yamuna Kalyāṇi), etc. in support of their position.
  4. ↑ Sources differ on their exact relationship. Balaswami is stated to have adopted Subbarama as his son. He is also named as his grandson presumably due to the difference in their ages.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 OEMI:MD.
  2. 1 2 OEMI:DMF.
  3. 1 2 Ramaswamy 2007, Muthusvami Dikshitar, p. 236.
  4. ↑ "Songs, moving and intellectual". The Hindu. Chennai, India. December 1, 2007.
  5. ↑ Pesch 2006, Dīkshitar, Muttusvāmi, p. 337.
  6. ↑ "Sangita Sampradaya Pradarsini (PDF)". ibiblio.org. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  7. ↑ OEMI:CD.
  8. ↑ OEMI:BD.
  9. ↑ OEMI:SSP.
  10. ↑ Peterson 1986, p. 184.
  11. ↑ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam, ed. India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 218–9.
  12. ↑ About Indian Music
  13. ↑ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/rare-kriti-on-a-famous-temple/article6725927.ece
  14. ↑ Video on YouTube
  15. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-12-12. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
  16. ↑ Raghavan's monograph published by the NCPA.

Sources

  • Muthuswāmi Dīkshitar, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195650983. Retrieved 18 September 2018. (Subscription required (help)).
  • Dīkshitar Musical Family, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195650983. Retrieved 18 September 2018. (Subscription required (help)).
  • Chinnaswāmi Dīkshitar, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195650983. Retrieved 18 September 2018. (Subscription required (help)).
  • Bālāswāmi Dīkshitar, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195650983. Retrieved 18 September 2018. (Subscription required (help)).
  • Sangeeta Sampradāya Pradarśini, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195650983. Retrieved 18 September 2018. (Subscription required (help)).
  • Pesch, Ludwig (2006). Wolpert, Stanley, ed. Encyclopedia of India. Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 9780684313498.
  • Peterson, Indira V. (1986). "Sanskrit in Carnatic Music: The Songs of Muttusvāmi Dīkṣita". Indo-Iranian Journal. 29 (3): 183–199 – via JSTOR.
  • Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007). Historical dictionary of the Tamils. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864450.
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