50 Cent Party

50 Cent Party
Traditional Chinese 五毛黨
Simplified Chinese 五毛党
Literal meaning five-dime party
Internet commentator(s)
Traditional Chinese 網絡評論員
Simplified Chinese 网络评论员
Literal meaning Internet commentator

The 50 Cent Party, or 50 Cent Army (Chinese: 五毛党), is the colloquial term for Internet commentators (Chinese: 网络评论员), hired by Chinese authorities in an attempt to manipulate public opinion to the benefit of the Chinese Communist Party.[1][2] It was created during the early phases of Internet's rollout to the wider public in China. The name derives from the allegation that commentators were said to be paid fifty cents (in Renminbi) for every post,[3][4][5] though some speculate that they are probably not paid anything for the posts, instead being required to do so as a part of their official Party duties.[6] They created favourable comments or articles on popular Chinese social media networks, intended to derail discussions that are unhelpful to the Communist Party and promoted narratives that served the government's interests, together with disparaging comments and misinformation about political opponents and critics of the Chinese government, both domestic and abroad.[7][8][9] It is also used as a derogatory term against people with perceived pro-CPC or Chinese nationalist views.[10]

A 2016 Harvard University paper found that in contrast to common assumptions, Chinese Internet commentators are mostly paid government bureaucrats, responding to government directives in times of crisis, and flood Chinese social media with pro-government comments. They also rarely engage in direct arguments, and around 80% of the analysed posts involve pro-China cheerleading with inspirational slogans, and 13% involve general praise and suggestions on governmental policies.[10][11]

As of 2016, this practice seems to have largely ceased, and propagandist participation in Internet discussions has become part of the Communist party officials' normal work. Also the nature of participation has become more nuanced and less aggressive.[12][13] Research indicated a "massive secretive operation" to fill China's Internet with propaganda has resulted in some 488 million posts carried out by fake social media accounts, out of the 80 billion posts generated on Chinese social media. To maximize their influence, their pro-government comments are made largely during times of intense online debate, and when online protests have a possibility of transforming into real life actions.[10]

History

In October 2004, the Publicity Department of Changsha started hiring Internet commentators, in one of the earliest known uses of professional Internet commentators.[14][15]

In March 2005, the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China enacted a systematic censorship of Chinese college bulletin board systems. The popular "Little Lily" BBS, run by Nanjing University, was forced to close. As a new system was prepared to be launched, school officials hired students as part-time web commentators, paid from the university's work-study funds, to search the forum for undesirable information and actively counter it with Party-friendly viewpoints. In the following months, party leaders from Jiangsu began hiring their own teams.[16] By mid-2007, web commentator teams recruited by schools, and party organizations were common across China. Shanghai Normal University employed undergraduates to monitor for signs of dissent and post on university forums.[17] These commentators not only operate within political discussions, but also in general discussions.[16][17] Afterwards, some schools and local governments also started to build similar teams.[18][19][20]

On 23 January 2007, Chinese leader Hu Jintao demanded a "reinforcement of ideological and public opinion front construction and positive publicity" at the 38th collective learning of Politburo.[21] Large Chinese websites and local governments have been requested to publish the sayings of Hu, and select "comrades with good political quality" to form "teams of Internet commentators" by the CPC Central Committee (中共中央办公厅) and General Office of the State Council (国务院办公厅).[16][22]

Negative reporting of local authorities has increased on the Internet since then.[23] In one instance described on the China Digital Times, the Jiaozuo (Henan) City Public Security Bureau established a mechanism to analyse public opinion after criticism of the police handling of a traffic incident appeared on the Internet. The Bureau responded with 120 staff calling for the truth to be revealed in line with the public opinion, which gradually shifted and eventually supported the police position, denouncing the original poster.[23][24] In the aftermath of the 2008 Guizhou riot, Internet forums were filled with posts critical of the local authorities; the China News Weekly later reported that "the major task of the propaganda group was to organize commentators to past [sic] posts on websites to guide online public opinions."[24]

In 2010, the Shanghai Communist Youth League's official website published a summary, saying that there were more than 200 topics by Shanghai Municipal Authorities' Internet commentators posted at People's Daily site, Xinhua site, Eastday (东方网), Sina and Tianya after many incidents in 2009, including Lotus Riverside incident, Green Dam software forced installation, Putuo Urban Administrative incident, H1N1's control, Shanghai entrapment incident (钓鱼执法), Pan Rong (潘蓉)'s self-immolation, etc. It was praised by Shanghai Internet Publicity Office.[25]

In December 2014, a Chinese blogger hacked into and published email archives for the Internet Propaganda Department of Zhanggong District in Ganzhou, including over 2,700 emails of 50 Cent Party Internet commentators.[26][27] For instance, on 16 January 2014, Shi Wenqing, secretary of the Ganzhou branch of the CCP, held a televised "internet exchange" in which he answered questions from a local news website forum; 50 Cent Party commentators were instructed to post seven discussion points, such as (translated) "I really admire Party Secretary Shi, what a capable and effective Party Secretary! I hope he can be the father of Ganzhou for years to come."[28]

Range of operation

The Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China now holds regular training sessions, where participants are required to pass an exam after which they are issued a job certification.[16] As of 2008, the total number of 50-cent operatives was estimated to be in the tens of thousands,[1] and possibly as high as 280,000–300,000.[16][29] Every large Chinese website is instructed by the Information Office to create a trained team of Internet commentators.[16]

According to the Chinese Communists' opinions of the recruitment of university Work Committee (tentative), the university Internet commentators are mainly selected from cadres or student cadres at Communist Party Publicity Department of universities, Youth League, Office of Academic Affairs, Network Center, Admissions Employment Department, Political Theory Department, Teaching Department and other units.[30]

The court of Qinghe District, Huai'an organized a team of 12 commentators.[31] Gansu Province hired 650 commentators, sorted by their writing abilities.[32] Suqian Municipal Publicity Department's first 26 commentators' team were reported by Yangtse Evening Post in April 2005.[33] According to high-profile independent Chinese blogger Li Ming, the pro-Chinese government web commentators must number "at least in the tens of thousands".[34]

Wen Yunchao (温云超), a former Internet commentator said that there were about 20 full-time commentators for the local news websites in Guangdong. A county-level discipline inspection commission's Internet commentator estimated more than 100 spare-time Internet commentators in his county, whose population was about 1 million. Hu Yong, an Internet expert from Peking University, said that "the public opinion molders have already penetrated different layers of Chinese society", he found public opinion watchmen that deal with negative information on the forums in tourist city's airport and county-level middle school.[14] A 2016 Harvard study estimated that the group posts about 488 million social media comments per year.[35]

According to an article published by Xiao Qiang on her website China Digital Times, a leaked propaganda directive, sent to 50 Cent Party Internet commentators, stated their objective was the following:[36][37]

In order to circumscribe the influence of Taiwanese democracy, in order to progress further in the work of guiding public opinion, and in accordance with the requirements established by higher authorities to "be strategic, be skilled," we hope that internet commentators conscientiously study the mindset of netizens, grasp international developments, and better perform the work of being an internet commentator. For this purpose, this notice is promulgated as set forth below:

(1) To the extent possible make America the target of criticism. Play down the existence of Taiwan.
(2) Do not directly confront [the idea of] democracy; rather, frame the argument in terms of "what kind of system can truly implement democracy.”
(3) To the extent possible, choose various examples in Western countries of violence and unreasonable circumstances to explain how democracy is not well-suited to capitalism.
(4) Use America's and other countries' interference in international affairs to explain how Western democracy is actually an invasion of other countries and [how the West] is forcibly pushing [on other countries] Western values.
(5) Use the bloody and tear-stained history of a [once] weak people [i.e., China] to stir up pro-Party and patriotic emotions.
(6) Increase the exposure that positive developments inside China receive; further accommodate the work of maintaining [social] stability.[36][37]

Salary

The English version of China-based Global Times reported that Changsha Publicity Department's Internet commentators were paid 0.5 yuan per post, which is considered as the origin of the term "50 Cent Party". However, according to the local party-building website, the basic salary of such commentators was 600 yuan in 2006.[14][15]

In 2010, the Internet commentators from Hengyang Municipal Committee Party School were paid 0.1 yuan per post and less than 100 yuan monthly bonus.[38][39]

A county-level discipline inspection commission's Internet commentator from Hunan Province told Global Times that a 500-word article is worth 40 yuan on local websites and 200 yuan on national sites.[14]

Those who made excellent incitement are honored as excellent critics from the government.[40]

Terms

There is an alternate official term for the Internet Commentator, as well as several unofficial terms coined by netizens for them:

Chinese (Simp/Trad) Pinyin Literally in English Commonly in English Note
Official name (Primary) 网络评论员/網絡評論員 wǎngluò pínglùn yuán Internet commentator Internet commentator Abbreviation in Chinese: 网评员/網評員 (wǎng píng yuán)
Official name (Secondary) 网络阅评员/網絡閱評員 wǎngluò yuè píng yuán Internet examiner and commentator Internet examiner and commentator
Unofficial term 五毛党/五毛黨 or simply 五毛 wǔmáo dǎng or wǔmáo Five-Dime Party, or simply Five Dimes 50 Cent Party The most common name, pejorative. Other English translation: 50 Cent Army
Unofficial term 网评猿/網評猿 wǎng píng yuán Ape that comments on the Internet N/A Pronounced identically with the above Chinese wǎng píng yuán 网评员 abbreviation, punning yuán (猿 "ape; monkey") for yuán (员 "personnel, staff member"), pejorative
Other English terms 红马甲/紅馬甲, 红卫兵/紅衛兵 hóng mǎjiǎ, hóng wèibīng Red vest; Red guard Red vest, Red vanguard[24][41] The Chinese translation for these English terms are rarely used

Among those names, "50 Cent Party" (五毛党) was the most common and pejorative unofficial term.[42] It was created by Chinese netizens as a satire. Many trace the origin of the "50-cent" name to the salaries at the Publicity Department of Changsha, which according to the English version of Global Times, supplemented Internet Commentators' basic income with 50-cent ("5 mao")[Note 1] per post since October 2004.[14]

The term is derogatorily applied by cynical Chinese netizens to any person who blatantly expresses pro-Communist Party thoughts online.[4] However, there's another word "5 US cent (五美分)" used by some netizens to denigrate anti-party comments, with the implication that those commentators are hired by the governments of the United States, Taiwan or other western countries. Zhang Shengjun, a professor of international politics at Beijing Normal University published an article Who would be afraid of the cap of "50 Cent Party"? on the Chinese version of Global Times, saying that the term is spread by western media outfits, "it has become a baton waved towards all Chinese patriots" to make the Chinese government a constant target of criticism.[14][43]

The Chinese cyberspace is also noted for its ideological contests between "rightists" - reformists who advocate Western style democratic reforms, versus "leftists" - conservatives and neo-Confucianists who advocates Chinese nationalism and restructured socialism. In this backdrop, rightists sometimes refer to leftists derogatorily as "50 Centers", regardless of their actual employment background.[10]

The Hong Kong-based Apple Daily reported that although a search for "五毛党" ("50 Cent Party" in Chinese) on a search engine produces results, most were inaccessible and had been deleted.[44]

Effects and opinions

The Internet commentator/50 Cent Party's activities were described by CPC general secretary, Chinese President Hu Jintao as "a new pattern of public-opinion guidance";[45][46] "they represent a shift from simply erasing dissenting opinions to guiding dialogue, lest the "truth may hurt social stability".[14] In 2010, a contributor to The Huffington Post stated that some comments she received on one of her posts were from the 50 Cent Party;[47] she also stated that the 50 Cent Party monitors popular US websites, news sites and blogs and posts comments that advance Chinese governmental interests.[47]

David Wertime of Foreign Policy argued that the narrative where a large army of paid Internet commentators are behind China's poor public dialogue with its critics is "Orwellian, yet strangely comforting". Rather, many of the Chinese netizens spreading nationalist sentiment online are not paid, but often mean what they say.[10]

In Australia, the term has been used pejoratively in the ongoing debate over Chinese influence in the country.[48]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "毛" (máo), formally known as "jiao", is a colloquial unit of current Chinese currency Renminbi which equals to 0.1 basic unit yuan.

References

  1. 1 2 Bristow, Michael (16 December 2008). "China's internet 'spin doctors'". BBC News Online.
  2. ↑ "Internet Spin for Stability Enforcers", Sophie Beach, China Digital Times, 25 May 2010
  3. ↑ China employs army of piece-rate ‘netizens’ for online thought control Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Tibetan Review. 2 January 2009
  4. 1 2 Vembu, Venkatesan (2 January 2009). "Big Brother 2.0 is here". Daily News and Analysis. India. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
  5. ↑ Cook, Sarah; Shum, Maggie (11 October 2011). "China's growing army of paid internet commentators". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011.
  6. ↑ Gallagher, Sean. "Red astroturf: Chinese government makes millions of fake social media posts". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
  7. ↑ "China's Paid Trolls: Meet the 50-Cent Party". www.newstatesman.com. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
  8. ↑ "Chinese trolls write 488 million fake social media posts a year and don't even earn 50 cents for it". Shanghaiist. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
  9. ↑ "China Banned The Term '50 Cents' To Stop Discussion Of An Orwellian Propaganda Program". Retrieved 2016-08-27.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Meet the Chinese Trolls Pumping Out 488 Million Fake Social Media Posts. Foreign Policy. May 19, 2016
  11. ↑ How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction, not Engaged Argument. Harvard University. June 1, 2016
  12. ↑ The secret army of cheerleaders policing China’s internet. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
  13. ↑ The Chinese government fakes nearly 450 million social media comments a year. This is why. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Zhang Lei (5 February 2010). "Invisible footprints of online commentators". Global Times English version. Archived from the original on 8 February 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  15. 1 2 Publicity Department of Hefei (24 May 2006). "关于南昌、长沙、郑州宣传文化工作的考察报告 (An Investigative Report Regarding Cultural Propaganda Work in Nanchang, Changsha, and Zhengzhou)" (in Chinese). Screenshot
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bandurski, David (July 2008). "China's Guerrilla War for the Web". Far Eastern Economic Review. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
  17. 1 2 As Chinese Students Go Online, Little Sister Is Watching. The New York Times. 9 May 2006
  18. ↑ 宿迁26名网评员今上岗 (in Chinese). sohu. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  19. ↑ 关于进一步加强互联网管理工作的实施意见 (in Chinese). Government of Golog, Qinghai. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  20. ↑ 巴中市人事局采取四大措施加强网络舆情监控 (in Chinese). Sichuan Provincial People's Government. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  21. ↑ 胡锦涛：以创新的精神加强网络文化建设和管理 (in Chinese). xinhua. Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  22. ↑ 特稿：党布阵网络人民战争 (in Chinese). dwnews. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  23. 1 2 Nan, Wu. Chinese Bloggers on the History and Influence of the “Fifty Cent Party”. China Digital Times. 15 May 2008
  24. 1 2 3 Zhong, Wu. China's Internet awash with state spies. Asia Times Online. 14 August 2008
  25. ↑ "市级机关团工委2009年度工作总结 (2009 summary of works of the Municipal Authorities Youth League Working Committee)" (in Chinese). Shanghai Communist Youth League official site. 20 January 2010. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 2009年，市级机关网评员在市网宣办的业务指导下，先后参与了莲花河畔景苑倒楼事件、强制安装"绿坝"网络屏蔽软件、普陀区城管打人事件、甲型 H1N1 流感防控、"倒钩"执法事件、闵行区潘蓉自焚事件、地铁事故频发等以涉沪舆情为重点的网上舆论引导工作，在人民网、新华网、东方网及新浪、天涯社区等国内重点网站、主要商业网站、大型网络社区。发帖、跟帖、转帖200余篇，东方网评论频道录用各类网评文章20余篇，工作得到市网宣办的肯定。
  26. ↑ Thousands of Local Internet Propaganda Emails Leaked, China Digital Times, 3 December 2014.
  27. ↑ Zhanggong Leaks: History is the Best Judge, China Digital Times, 10 December 2014.
  28. ↑ Hacked emails reveal China’s elaborate and absurd internet propaganda machine, Quartz, 18 December 2014.
  29. ↑ Fareed, Malik. China joins a turf war. The Guardian. 22 September 2008
  30. ↑ "为认真贯彻落实《中共中央、国务院关于进一步加强和改进大学生思想政治教育的意见》（中发〔2004〕16号）和《教育部、共青团中央关于进一步加强高等学校校园网络管理工作的意见》(教社政〔2004〕17号)精神，牢牢把握网上舆论主导权，为我省高等教育改革发展稳定提供良好的舆论环境，努力构建社会主义和谐校园，现就加强高校网络评论员队伍建设提出以下意见。"
  31. ↑ 清河法院组建互联网网评工作队 (in Chinese). Huai'an Intermediate People's Court. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010.
  32. ↑ "甘肅將建650人網絡評論員隊伍引導輿論". Sina. 20 January 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
  33. ↑ "宿迁26名网评员今上岗". Sohu. 29 April 2005. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
  34. ↑ "China's web spin doctors spread Beijing's message". Sydney Morning Herald. 12 May 2011. Archived from the original on 19 September 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  35. ↑ "China 'flooding' social media with fake posts". BBC News. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  36. 1 2 Qiang, Xiao. "Leaked Propaganda Directives and Banned "Future" | China Digital Times (CDT)". China Digital Times. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  37. 1 2 http://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/2011/06/网评员《上级通知》/ (in Chinese)
  38. ↑ 《党校阵地》网评员管理办法 [Party school front Internet commentators Regulations] (in Chinese). 中国衡阳党建网 (China Hengyang Party-building website). 8 January 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2010. Screenshot
  39. ↑ "{title}" 中共衡阳市委党校《党校阵地》网评员管理办法 (in Chinese). Cenews. 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  40. ↑ 新华网2007年度优秀网评人评选揭晓
  41. ↑ Elgan, Mike (8 January 2009). "How China's '50 Cent Army' Could Wreck Web 2.0". Datamation. JupiterOnlineMedia. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
  42. ↑ Garnaut, John (14 July 2010). "China's plan to use internet for propaganda". The Age. Australia. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  43. ↑ "五毛党"帽子能吓住谁？ [Who would be afraid of the cap of "50 Cent Party"?] (in Chinese). Global Times. 20 January 2010. Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
  44. ↑ "China hires, trains 'online commentators' to influence public opinion – daily". Apple Daily. 5 October 2007
  45. ↑ Podger, Corrinne (21 August 2008). "China marshalls army of bloggers". Radio Australia. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
  46. ↑ "Propaganda leaders scurry off to carry out the "spirit" of Hu Jintao's "important" media speech". China Media Project. 25 June 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
  47. 1 2 Usha, Haley (4 October 2010). "China's Fifty Cent Party for Internet Propaganda". Huffington Post. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  48. ↑ Marshallsea, Trevor (22 June 2018). "Is racism worsening Australia's China influence row?". BBC. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
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