Italian general election, 2008

Italian general election, 2008
13–14 April 2008
All 630 seats in the Chamber of Deputies
and 315 seats (out of 322) in the Senate of the Republic
Opinion polls
Turnout 80.48%

 
Leader Silvio Berlusconi Walter Veltroni
Alliance Centre-right coalition Centre-left coalition
Leader since 18 January 1994 14 October 2007
Leader's seat Molise (C) Lazio 1 (C)
Seats won 344 C / 174 S 246 C / 134 S
Seat change Increase102 C / Increase29 S Increase3 C / Increase21 S
Coalition vote 17,403,145 (C)
15,508,899 (S)		 14,099,747 (C)
12,457,182 (S)
Percentage 46.8% (C)
47.3% (S)		 37.5% (C)
38.0% (S)
Election results maps for the Chamber of Deputies (on the left) and for the Senate (on the right). On the left, the color identifies the coalition which received the most votes in each province. On the right, the color identifies the coalition which won the most seats in respect to each Region. Blue denotes the Centre-right coalition, Red the Centre-left coalition, and Gray regional parties.
Prime Minister before election

Romano Prodi
Democratic Party

 Elected Prime Minister

Silvio Berlusconi
People of Freedom

A snap general election was held in Italy on 13–14 April 2008.[1] The election came after President Giorgio Napolitano dissolved Parliament on 6 February 2008, following the defeat of the government of Prime Minister Romano Prodi in a January 2008 Senate vote of confidence[2] and the unsuccessful tentative appointment of Franco Marini with the aim to change the current electoral law. Under Italian law, elections must be held within 70 days of the dissolution. The voting determined the leader of Italy's 62nd government since the end of World War II.[3] The coalition led by ex-Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi from The People of Freedom party defeated that of former Mayor of Rome, Walter Veltroni of the Democratic Party.[4]

Background

On 24 January 2008 Prime Minister of Italy Romano Prodi lost a vote of confidence in the Senate by a vote of 161 to 156 votes, causing the downfall of his government.[5] Prodi's resignation led President Giorgio Napolitano to request the president of the Senate, Franco Marini, to assess the possibility to form a caretaker government. The other possibility would have been to call for early elections immediately.

The decision of former Minister of Justice Mastella arrived a few days after the confirmation of the Constitutional Court which confirmed the referendum to modify the electoral system.[6] As stated many times by Minister Mastella, if the referendum would have been confirmed this would have led directly to the fall of the government[7][8] and it happened.
The fall of the government would disrupt a pending election-law referendum that if passed would make it harder for small parties like Mastella's to gain seats in parliament.[9]

Silvio Berlusconi during a People of Freedom rally in 2008.

UDEUR's defection forced the question of whether Prodi still had the parliamentarian support to govern. Presenting a motion of confidence to parliament, he won relatively easily in the lower house of the Parliament, the Chamber of Deputies, where the coalition's majority was substantial.[10] Yet a win in the upper house – or Senate – seemed unlikely, and President Giorgio Napolitano was said to have warned against going through with the vote.[10]

The vote, held between 3pm and 9pm (CET), was heated and dramatic.[11] During its course the UDEUR party Senator Stefano Cusumano decided to confirm the confidence and to support the prime minister, even against the orders of his party's leader. He was subsequently subjected to the abuse of his colleagues, being called an "hysteric faggot", "traitor", and reportedly spat on by a member of the conservative UDEUR party. At this point Cusumano apparently fainted, and was carried out on a stretcher.[12] Cusumano's defection had no effect, however: Prodi lost the vote with 161 to 156 votes (one member abstained from voting, while three were absent), and promptly handed in his resignation.[11]

On 30 January, Napolitano appointed Franco Marini to try to form a caretaker government with the goal of changing the current electoral system, rather than call a quick election.[13] The state of the electoral system had been under criticism not only within the outgoing government, but also among the opposition and in the general population, because of the impossibility to choose candidates directly and of the risks that a close-call election may not grant a stable majority in the Senate.

On 4 February 2008 Marini acknowledged that he had failed to find the necessary majority for an interim government,[14] and resigned his mandate,[15] after having met with all major political forces and having found opposition to forming an interim government mainly from center-right parties Forza Italia and National Alliance, favoured in a possible next election and strongly in favour of an early vote.,[16]

President Napolitano summoned Bertinotti and Marini, the two speakers of the houses of the Italian parliament, acknowledging the end of the legislature, on 5 February 2008.[17] He dissolved parliament on 6 February 2008.

Campaign

Major competitors in the election were Silvio Berlusconi, as leader of the centre-right opposition coalition, and Walter Veltroni, leader of the Democratic Party. Berlusconi's right coalition was leading by a significant margin in opinion polls.[18] The 71-year-old Berlusconi, who was twice prime minister—from May 1994 to January 1995 and again from May 2001 to May 2006—was not considered too old for the job though he had had heart surgery since leaving office.[19]

Veltroni's campaign has been compared to Barack Obama's presidential run in the United States. The most apparent of the similarities is his slogan, "Si può fare" (literally, "it can be done").[19]

Walter Veltroni in Trento during the electoral campaign.

Following the calling of the election, Veltroni stated his party will not make any alliance in either Chamber, choosing instead to run alone with its own platform, and challenged Berlusconi to do likewise with his Forza Italia party. The main four left-wing parties not part of the PD decided to contest the election together under the banner of The Left – The Rainbow. On 8 February, Berlusconi announced Forza Italia and Gianfranco Fini's National Alliance will run together under the common symbol of The People of Freedom, being regionally allied with the Northern League.[20]

On 13 February, Veltroni announced to have reached an agreement with the Italy of Values, led by Antonio Di Pietro, which agreed for an electoral alliance with the Democratic Party, accepting also to join the Democratic Party parliamentary groups after the election.[21] On 21 February the Italian Radicals announced an agreement with the Democratic Party, accepting to present themselves in list with the latter, under the agreement they will have nine MPs elected in the Parliament, and appointment of Emma Bonino as Minister in case of victory.[22]

Though Berlusconi and Veltroni were in opposite parties, they allegedly represent such similar policies that they were dubbed "Veltrusconi". Both candidates supported big tax cuts and generous spending programs.[19]

The Union of Christian and Centre Democrats was invited to support Berlusconi, but refused and decided to run on its own instead. The Rose for Italy originally planned to run alone with Bruno Tabacci as their PM candidate, but shortly before the filing deadline, they decided to form joint lists with the UDC.

Electoral system

The electoral system had been last reformed by Law no. 270, 21 December 2005.[23]

Chamber of Deputies

For the election of the lower house,[24] all seats in the Chamber of Deputies (excluding one deputy for the region of Aosta Valley and twelve deputies for Italians residing abroad) are allocated based on the national vote in a form of party-list proportional representation with a series of thresholds to encourage parties to form coalitions. Voters cast one vote for a closed list, meaning they cannot express a preference for individual candidates.

Parties can choose to run in coalitions. Seats are first allocated based on coalition votes, then divided among parties belonging to the same coalition by the largest remainder method. To guarantee a working majority, the coalition or party that obtains a plurality of the vote, but fewer than 340 seats, is assigned additional seats to reach that number, which is roughly 54% of all seats.

The autonomous region of Aosta Valley elects one deputy through a first-past-the-post system. Italians abroad are divided into four constituencies, which elect a total of twelve seats based on proportional representation.

Senate

For the election of the upper house,[24] a similar system is used. However, the results are based on regional, rather than national, vote. This means the coalition or party that wins a plurality of votes in each region is guaranteed a majority of the seats assigned to that region. As this mechanism is region-based, opposing parties or coalitions may benefit from the majority bonus in different regions. It therefore does not guarantee any party or coalition a majority in the Senate.

Three regions have exceptions to the system detailed above. In the region of Molise, that is granted two seats in the Senate, seats are allocated proportionally, with no majority bonus. The region of Aosta Valley, which elects one senator, uses a first-past-the-post system. Finally, the region of Trentino-South Tyrol elects seven senators with a mixed-member proportional system: six senators are elected in six single-member constituencies, while the seventh is allocated to the most underrepresented list based on the regional votes.

Six seats in the Senate are assigned to Italians living abroad and are allocated using the same system used for the Chamber of Deputies.

Main coalitions and parties

Coalition Party Main ideology Leader
Centre-right coalition
 The People of Freedom (PdL) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
Northern League (LN) Regionalism Umberto Bossi
Movement for the Autonomy (MpA) Regionalism Raffaele Lombardo
Centre-left coalition
 Democratic Party (PD) Social democracy Walter Veltroni
Italy of Values (IdV) Populism Antonio Di Pietro
Autonomy Liberty Democracy (ALD) Regionalism Roberto Nicco
Union of the Centre (UdC) Christian democracy Pier Ferdinando Casini
The Left – The Rainbow (SA) Communism Fausto Bertinotti
The Right – Tricolour Flame (LD–FT) National conservatism Daniela Santanché

Main coalitions' leaders

Coalition Portrait Name Most recent position
Centre-right coalition Silvio Berlusconi Prime Minister of Italy
(2001–2006)
President of The People of Freedom
(2008–incumbent)
Centre-left coalition Walter Veltroni Mayor of Rome
(2001–2008)
Secretary of the Democratic Party
(2007–incumbent)
Union of the Centre Pier Ferdinando Casini President of the Chamber of Deputies
(2001–2006)
Leader of the Union of the Centre
(2002–incumbent)
The Left – The Rainbow Fausto Bertinotti President of the Chamber of Deputies
(2006–incumbent)
Secretary of the Communist Refoundation Party
(1993–2006)
The Right–Tricolour Flame Daniela Santanchè Member of the Chamber of Deputies
(2001–incumbent)

Opinion polls

Results for the Chamber of Deputies

Overall results

← Summary of the 13–14 April 2008 Chamber of Deputies election results →
Coalition Party Italy (19 regions) Aosta Valley Italians abroad Total
seats		 +/–
Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats
Centre-right coalition The People of Freedom (PdL)13,629,46437.3827213,88018.520322,43730.904276+60
Northern League (LN)3,024,5438.30602,3223.100N/AN/A060

+34

Movement for Autonomy (MpA)410,4991.138N/AN/A0N/AN/A08
Total seats34004344–
Centre-left coalition Democratic Party (PD)12,095,30633.18211N/AN/A0338,95432.486217−9
Italy of Values (IdV)1,594,0244.3728N/AN/A042,1494.04129+12
Autonomy Liberty Democracy (ALD)N/AN/A029,31439.121N/AN/A01±0
Total seats23917247–
Union of the Centre (UdC)2,050,2295.6236N/AN/A088,0178.43036−3
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)147,7180.412N/AN/A0N/AN/A02−2
Associative Movement Italians Abroad (MAIE)N/AN/A0N/AN/A086,9708.3311New
Total630–
Popular vote (Party)
PdL
 
 37.38%
PD
 
 33.18%
LN
 
 8.30%
UdC
 
 5.62%
IdV
 
 4.37%
SA
 
 3.08%
LD-FT
 
 2.43%
MpA
 
 1.13%
Others
 
 4.51%
Popular vote (Coalition)
CDX
 
 46.81%
CSX
 
 37.55%
UdC
 
 5.62%
SA
 
 3.08%
LD-FT
 
 2.43%
Others
 
 4.51%
Seat distribution (Coalition)
CDX
 
 55.11%
CSX
 
 38.74%
UdC
 
 5.83%
Others
 
 0.32%

Italy (19 regions out of 20)

Coalition Party Votes % Seats
Centre-right coalition The People of Freedom13,629,46437.38272
Northern League3,024,5438.3060
Movement for Autonomy410,4991.138
Total17,064,50646.81340
Centre-left coalition Democratic Party12,095,30633.18211
Italy of Values1,594,0244.3728
Total13,689,30337.55239
Union of the Centre2,050,2295.6236
The Left – The Rainbow1,124,2983.080
The Right – Tricolour Flame884,9612.430
Socialist Party355,4950.980
Workers' Communist Party208,2960.570
Critical Left168,9160.460
South Tyrolean People's Party147,7180.412
Abortion? No, Thanks135,5350.370
For the Common Good119,5690.330
New Force109,6990.300
Italian Liberal Party104,0530.290
Democratic Union for Consumers91,1060.250
List of Talking Crickets66,8350.180
Venetian Republic League31,3530.090
Die Freiheitlichen28,3400.080
MEDA16,4830.050
Sardinian Action Party14,8600.040
League for Autonomy–Lombard Alliance–Pensioners League13,9920.040
Citizens' Union for South Tyrol12,9810.040
Sardinia Nation7,1760.020
Southern League Ausonia4,3990.010
Venetian Agreement2,3880.010
Communist Alternative Party1,9930.010
The Lotus1,7970.000
Thought Action Party9460.000
Total36,457,254100.00617

Results by region (19 regions out of 20)

Region Centre-right Coalition Centre-left Coalition Union of the Centre The Left – The Rainbow The Right – Tricolour Flame Others
Abruzzo 43.2 40.5 5.9 3.2 3.2 4.0
Apulia 47.4 35.6 8.0 3.0 2.1 3.9
Basilicata 37.6 44.5 6.9 3.5 2.3 5.2
Calabria 43.8 36.2 8.2 3.2 2.2 6.4
Campania 51.5 33.9 6.5 2.7 1.6 3.8
Emilia-Romagna 36.4 50.0 4.3 3.0 2.5 3.8
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 47.8 35.7 6.0 3.1 3.0 4.4
Lazio 43.7 40.9 4.8 3.3 3.4 3.9
Liguria 43.6 42.5 3.8 3.7 2.7 3.7
Lombardy 55.1 32.1 4.3 2.9 2.1 3.5
Marche 37.2 45.9 6.0 3.0 3.4 4.5
Molise 41.8 45.6 5.8 1.9 1.7 3.2
Piedmont 47.0 37.4 5.2 3.4 3.2 3.8
Sardinia 43.0 40.0 6.6 3.6 1.5 5.3
Sicily 54.3 28.8 9.4 2.6 2.0 2.9
Trentino-Alto Adige 30.4 27.8 4.2 3.1 2.0 32.5
Tuscany 33.6 50.3 4.2 4.5 2.9 4.5
Umbria 36.1 47.4 4.5 3.5 3.6 4.9
Veneto 54.4 30.8 5.6 2.2 2.0 5.0

Aosta Valley

The autonomous region of Aosta Valley, in northwestern Italy, elects one member to the Chamber of Deputies through a direct first-past-the-post election. Some parties that formed electoral coalitions in Italy, might have opted to run against one another (or form different coalitions) in this particular region.

Party Votes % Seats
Autonomy Liberty Democracy 29,314 39.12 1
Aosta Valley coalition (UV-SA-FA) 28,357 37.84 0
The People of Freedom 13,880 18.52 0
Northern League 2,322 3.10 0
Social Action 1,066 1.42 0
Total 74,939 100.00 1

Italians abroad

Twelve members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by Italians abroad. Two members are elected for North America and Central America (including most of the Caribbean), three members for South America (including Trinidad and Tobago), six members for Europe, and one member for the rest of the world (Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica). Voters in these regions select candidate lists and may also cast a preference vote for individual candidates. The seats are allocated by proportional representation.

The electoral law allows for parties to form different coalitions on the lists abroad, compared to the lists in Italy.

Party Votes % Seats
Democratic Party 338,954 32.48 6
The People of Freedom 322,437 30.90 4
Union of the Centre 88,017 8.43 0
Associative Movement Italians Abroad 86,970 8.33 1
Italian Associations in South America 64,325 6.16 0
Italy of Values 42,149 4.04 1
Socialist Party 32,513 3.12 0
The Left – The Rainbow 28,495 2.73 0
The Right – Tricolour Flame 14,974 1.43 0
The Other Sicily 9,251 0.89 0
Critical Left 6,062 0.58 0
Italian Civic Consumers 4,878 0.47 0
Values and Future 4,493 0.43 0
Total 1,043,518 100.00 12

Results for the Senate of the Republic

Overall results

← Summary of the 13–14 April 2008 Senate of the Republic election results →
Coalition Party Italy (18 regions) Aosta Valley Trentino-Alto Adige Italians abroad Total
seats		 +/–
Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Votes % Seats
Centre-right coalition The People of Freedom (PdL)12,511,25838.1714112,16717.250156,12628.183322,69833.863147+26
Northern League (LN)2,642,2808.06252,0812.950N/AN/A0N/AN/A025+11
Movement for Autonomy (MpA)355,3611.082N/AN/A0N/AN/A0N/AN/A02
Total seats168033174–
Centre-left coalition Democratic Party (PD)11,042,45233.69116N/AN/A019,2533.480274,73230.702118+10
Italy of Values (IdV)1,414,7304.3214N/AN/A0N/AN/A038,3574.02014+10
Total seats130002132–
Union of the Centre (UdC)1,866,3565.693N/AN/A032,5115.87057,8176.0703−18
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)N/AN/A0N/AN/A0252,66945.614N/AN/A04+1
Aosta Valley (UV–SA–FA)N/AN/A029,19141.391N/AN/A0N/AN/A01+1
Associative Movement Italians Abroad (MAIE)N/AN/A0N/AN/A0N/AN/A072,5117.6111New
Total315–
Popular vote (Party)
PdL
 
 38.17%
PD
 
 33.69%
LN
 
 8.06%
UdC
 
 5.69%
IdV
 
 4.32%
SA
 
 3.21%
LD-FT
 
 2.10%
MpA
 
 1.08%
Others
 
 3.68%
Popular vote (Coalition)
CDX
 
 47.32%
CSX
 
 38.01%
UdC
 
 5.69%
SA
 
 3.21%
LD-FT
 
 2.10%
Others
 
 3.68%
Seat distribution for coalition
CDX
 
 55.24%
CSX
 
 41.90%
UdC
 
 0.95%
Others
 
 0.98%

Italy (18 regions out of 20)

Coalition Party Votes % Seats
Centre-right coalition The People of Freedom12,511,25838.17141
Northern League2,642,2808.0625
Movement for Autonomy355,3611.082
Total15,508,89947.32168
Centre-left coalition Democratic Party11,042,45233.69116
Italy of Values1,414,7304.3214
Total12,457,18238.01130
Union of the Centre1,866,3565.693
The Left – The Rainbow1,053,2283.210
The Right – Tricolour Flame686,9262.100
Socialist Party284,8370.870
Workers' Communist Party180,4420.550
Critical Left136,6790.420
For the Common Good105,8270.320
Italian Liberal Party100,7590.310
New Force85,5640.260
Democratic Union for Consumers78,1390.240
List of Talking Crickets49,5350.150
Venetian Republic League47,6470.150
League for Autonomy–Lombard Alliance–Pensioners League45,6230.140
MEDA19,8990.060
Sardinian Action Party15,2800.050
United Populars12,3890.040
Marxist–Leninist Italian Communist Party8,0940.020
Southern League Ausonia7,1090.020
Sardinia Nation6,9720.020
Independence Front Lombardy5,2340.020
Venetian Agreement4,6000.010
Party of the South3,7270.010
Free South1,7950.010
Thought Action Party1,5970.000
Total32,774,339100.00301

Aosta Valley

Party Votes % Seats
Aosta Valley coalition (UV-SA-FA) 29,191 41.39 1
Autonomy Liberty Democracy 26,377 37.40 0
The People of Freedom 12,167 17.25 0
Northern League 2,081 2.95 0
Social Action 712 1.01 0
Total 70,520 100.00 1

Trentino-Alto Adige/South Tyrol

Party Votes % Seats
The People of Freedom 156,126 28.18 3
South Tyrolean People's Party - Together for the Autonomies 153,721 27.75 2
South Tyrolean People's Party 98,948 17.86 2
The Left – The Rainbow 39,957 7.21 0
Union of the Centre 32,511 5.87 0
Die Freiheitlichen 24,772 4.47 0
Democratic Party 19,253 3.48 0
The Right-Tricolour Flame 16,462 2.97 0
Union for South Tyrol 11,820 2.13 0
Socialist Party 369 0.07 0
Total 553,939 100.00 7

Italians abroad

Party Votes % Seats
The People of Freedom 322,698 33.86 3
Democratic Party 314,703 33.02 2
Associative Movement Italians Abroad 72,511 7.61 1
Italian Associations in South America 60,794 6.38 0
Union of the Centre 57,817 6.07 0
Italy of Values 38,357 4.02 0
Socialist Party 28,149 2.95 0
The Left - The Rainbow 27,067 2.84 0
The Right-Tricolour Flame 13,139 1.38 0
The Other Sicily 8,391 0.88 0
Critical Left 5,855 0.61 0
Italian Civic Consumers 3,663 0.38 0
Total 953,144 100.00 6

Results by region

Region Coalitions Majority bonus
winner		 Senators
Centre-right coalition Centre-left coalition Union of the Centre Others
Lombardy
Lombardy		 19 (PdL)
11 (LN)		 15 (PD)
2 (IdV)		 CDX 47
Campania
Campania		 18 (PdL) 10 (PD)
2 (IdV)		 CDX 30
Lazio
Lazio		 15 (PdL) 11 (PD)
1 (IdV)		 CDX 27
Sicily
Sicily		 13 (PdL)
2 (MpA)		 7 (PD)
1 (IdV)		 3 (UdC) CDX 26
Veneto
Veneto		 8 (PdL)
7 (LN)		 8 (PD)
1 (IdV)		 CDX 24
Piedmont
Piedmont		 10 (PdL)
3 LN		 8 (PD)
1 (IdV)		 CDX 22
Emilia-Romagna
Emilia-Romagna		 7 (PdL)
2 (LN)		 11 (PD)
1 (IdV)		 CSX 21
Apulia
Apulia		 12 (PdL) 8 (PD)
1 (IdV)		 CDX 21
Tuscany
Tuscany		 7 (PdL) 10 (PD)
1 (IdV)		 CSX 18
Calabria
Calabria		 6 (PdL) 4 (PD) CDX 10
Sardinia
Sardinia		 5 (PdL) 4 (PD) CDX 9
Liguria
Liguria		 4 (PdL)
1 (LN)		 3 (PD) CDX 8
Marche
Marche		 3 (PdL) 5 (PD) CSX 8
Abruzzo
Abruzzo		 4 (PdL) 2 (PD)
1 (IdV)		 CDX 7
Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Friuli-Venezia Giulia		 3 (PdL)
1 (LN)		 3 (PD) CDX 7
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Trentino-South Tyrol		 3 (PdL) 2 (SVP - IpA)
2 (SVP)		 N/A 7
Umbria
Umbria		 3 (PdL) 4 (PD) CSX 7
Basilicata
Basilicata		 3 (PdL) 3 (PD)
1 (IdV)		 CSX 7
Molise
Molise		 1 (PdL) 1 (PD) N/A 2
Aosta Valley
Aosta Valley		 1 (VA) N/A 1
Italians abroad 3 (PdL) 2 (PD) 1 (MAIE) N/A 6
Total 174 132 3 5 315

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Italy's President Dissolves Parliament, Forces Vote". Bloomberg.com. 6 February 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
  2. ↑ "Italy to hold snap April election". BBC News. 6 February 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
  3. ↑ "Berlusconi plans Naples clean-up". BBC News. 15 April 2008.
  4. ↑ "Berlusconi declares election win". BBC News. 14 April 2008.
  5. ↑ "Prodi loses crucial Senate vote". BBC. 2008-01-24. Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  6. ↑ "Italian court okays referendum on election law" Reuters, January 16th 2008
  7. ↑ "Legge elettorale, Mastella minaccia la crisi" Corriere della Sera, April 10, 2007
  8. ↑ "Mastella: Se c'è referendum si rischia la crisi di governo" Archived 28 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine. La Stampa, April 10, 2007
  9. ↑ "Prodi Likely to Quit, Prompt Vote or Election Reform" Bloomberg.com
  10. 1 2 Ian Fisher (2008-01-24). "Italy Backs Its Coalition but Only Just for Now". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  11. 1 2 "Prodi sconfitto in Senato: cade il governo, Il premier al Quirinale per le dimissioni" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 2008-01-24. Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  12. ↑ "Cusumano si dissocia: voto sì. È bagarre" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 2008-01-24. Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  13. ↑ "Crisi, Napolitano incarica Marini" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 2008-01-30. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  14. ↑ SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World - Italy Senate speaker fails to form govt, vote looms Archived 12 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  15. ↑ Italy's Marini says no majority for electoral reform govt, resigns mandate | Latest News | News | Hemscott
  16. ↑ ""A Marini diremo: "subito al voto""" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 2008-01-30. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  17. ↑ "DOMANI LO SCIOGLIMENTO DELLE CAMERE" (in Italian). Ansa. 2008-02-05. Archived from the original on 2008-02-04. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
  18. ↑ Elisabeth Rosenthal (7 February 2008). "With Flawed System Unchanged, Italy Sets Elections for April". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
  19. 1 2 3 "Italy faces second day of voting". CNN. 14 April 2008. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2008.
  20. ↑ "Berlusconi: "Simbolo unico per Fi e An"". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 8 February 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
  21. ↑ "Pd: accordo Di Pietro, Veltroni" (in Italian). ANSA.it. 13 February 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
  22. ↑ "I Radicali dicono sì al Pd: 9 seggi e Bonino ministro". L'Unità (in Italian). 21 February 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
  23. ↑ http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/05270l.htm
  24. 1 2 http://www.senato.it/Leg17/1013?testo_generico=4&voce_sommario=58
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