101955 Bennu

101955 Bennu
Radar image of 101955 Bennu (courtesy Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex and JPL)[1][2]
Discovery
Discovered by LINEAR
Discovery site Lincoln Lab's ETS
Discovery date 11 September 1999
Designations
MPC designation (101955) Bennu
Pronunciation /bɛˈnuː/
Named after
 Bennu
1999 RQ36
Apollo · NEO · PHA
Orbital characteristics[3]
Epoch 31 July 2016 (JD 2457600.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc 13.36 yr (4880 days)
Aphelion 1.3559 AU (202.84 Gm)
Perihelion 0.89689 AU (134.173 Gm)
1.1264 AU (168.51 Gm)
Eccentricity 0.20375
1.20 yr (436.65 d)
28,000 metres per second (63,000 mph)
101.7039°
0° 49m 28.056s / day
Inclination 6.0349°
2.0609°
66.2231°
Earth MOID 0.0032228 AU (482,120 km)
Venus MOID 0.194 AU (29,000,000 km)[4]
Mars MOID 0.168 AU (25,100,000 km)[4]
Jupiter MOID 3.877 AU (580.0 Gm)
TJupiter 5.525
Proper orbital elements[5]
0.21145
5.0415°
301.1345 deg / yr
1.19548 yr
(436.649 d)
Physical characteristics
Mean radius
 246±10 m[1]
Equatorial radius
 275±10 m[1]
Mass 6.0×1010 kg[6] to 7.8±0.9×1010 kg[7]
Mean density
 1.26±0.070 g/cm3[7]
Equatorial surface gravity
 10 micro-g[8]
4.288 h (0.1787 d)
176 ± 2°[9]
0.046±0.005[3]
0.059±0.003[10]
Surface temp. min mean max
Kelvin[11] 236 259 279
Fahrenheit -34.6 6.8 42.8
Celsius -37 -14 6
B[3]
F[10]
20.9

    101955 Bennu (provisional designation 1999 RQ36)[12] is a carbonaceous asteroid in the Apollo group discovered by the LINEAR Project on September 11, 1999. It is a potentially hazardous object that is listed on the Sentry Risk Table with the second-highest cumulative rating on the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale.[13] It has a cumulative 1-in-2,700 chance of impacting Earth between 2175–2199.[6][14] It is the planned target of the OSIRIS-REx mission which is intended to return samples to Earth in 2023 for further study.[15][16][17][18]

    101955 Bennu has a mean diameter of approximately 492 m (1,614 ft; 0.306 mi) and has been observed extensively with the Arecibo Observatory Planetary Radar and the Goldstone Deep Space Network.[1][2][19]

    Physical description

    Asteroid Bennu has a roughly spheroidal shape, which resembles a spinning top. The direction of rotation about its axis is retrograde with respect to its orbit. Bennu has a fairly smooth shape with one prominent 10–20 m boulder on its surface, in the southern hemisphere.[14]

    There is a well-defined ridge along the equator of asteroid Bennu. The presence of this ridge suggests that fine-grained regolith particles have accumulated in this area, possibly because of its low gravity and fast rotation.[14]

    Observations of this minor planet by the Spitzer Space Telescope in 2007 gave an effective diameter of 484±10 m, which is in line with other studies. It has a low visible geometric albedo of 0.046±0.005. The thermal inertia was measured and found to vary by ±19% during each rotational period. The data suggest that the regolith grain size is moderate, ranging from several millimeters up to a centimeter, and evenly distributed longitudinally. No emission from a potential dust coma has been detected around asteroid Bennu, which puts a limit of 106 g of dust within a radius of 4750 km.[20]

    Astrometric observations between 1999 and 2013 have demonstrated that 101955 Bennu is influenced by the Yarkovsky effect, causing the semimajor axis to drift on average by 284±1.5 meters/year. Analysis of the gravitational and thermal effects has given a bulk density of ρ = 1260±70 kg/m3, which is only slightly denser than water. Therefore, the predicted macroporosity is 40±10%, suggesting that the interior has a rubble pile structure. The estimated mass is (7.8±0.9)×1010 kg.[7]

    Photometry and spectroscopy

    Photometric observations of Bennu in 2005 yielded a synodic rotation period of 4.2905±0.0065 h. It has a B-type classification, which is a sub-category of carbonaceous asteroids. Polarimetric observations show that Bennu belongs to the rare F subclass of carbonaceous asteroids, which is usually associated with cometary features.[10] Measurements over a range of phase angles showed a phase function slope of 0.040 magnitudes per degree, which is similar to other near-Earth asteroids with low albedo.[21]

    Origin and evolution

    The carbonaceous material that composes asteroid Bennu originally came from dying stars such as red giants and supernovae. According to the accretion theory, this material came together 4.5 billion years ago during the formation of the Solar System.

    Asteroid Bennu's basic mineralogy and chemical nature would have been established during the first 10 million years of the Solar System's formation, where the carbonaceous material underwent some geologic heating and chemical transformation into more complex minerals.[14] Bennu probably began in the inner asteroid belt as a fragment from a larger body with a diameter of 100 km. Simulations suggest a 70% chance it came from the Polana family and a 30% chance it derived from the Eulalia family.[22]

    Subsequently, the orbit drifted as a result of the Yarkovsky effect and mean motion resonances with the giant planets, such as Jupiter and Saturn. Various interactions with the planets in combination with the Yarkovsky effect modified the asteroid, possibly changing its spin, shape, and surface features.[23]

    Cellino et al. have suggested a possible cometary origin for Bennu, based on similarities of its spectroscopic properties with known comets. The estimated fraction of comets in the population of Near Earth asteroids is 8%±5%.[10]

    Possible Earth impact

    On average, an asteroid with a diameter of 500 m (1,600 ft; 0.31 mi) can be expected to impact Earth about every 130,000 years or so.[24] A 2010 dynamical study by Andrea Milani and collaborators predicted a series of eight potential Earth impacts by Bennu between 2169 and 2199. The cumulative probability of impact is dependent on physical properties of Bennu that were poorly known at the time, but was not found to exceed 0.071% for all eight encounters.[25] The authors recognized that an accurate assessment of 101955 Bennu's probability of Earth impact would require a detailed shape model and additional observations (either from the ground or from spacecraft visiting the object) to determine the magnitude and direction of the Yarkovsky effect.

    The publication of the shape model and of astrometry based on radar observations obtained in 1999, 2005, and 2011,[1] made possible an improved estimate of the Yarkovsky acceleration and a revised assessment of the impact probability. The current (as of 2014) best estimate of the impact probability is a cumulative probability of 0.037% in the interval 2175 to 2196.[7] This corresponds to a cumulative score on the Palermo scale of −1.71. If an impact were to occur, the expected kinetic energy associated with the collision would be 1,200 megatons in TNT equivalent.[6]

    2060

    Bennu will pass 0.005 AU (750,000 km; 460,000 mi) from Earth on 23 September 2060.[3] The close approach of 2060 causes divergence in the close approach of 2135. On 25 September 2135 the nominal approach distance is 0.002 AU (300,000 km; 190,000 mi) from Earth, but Bennu could pass as close as 0.0007 AU (100,000 km; 65,000 mi).[3] There is no chance of an Earth impact in 2135.[26][6] The 2135 approach will create many lines of variations and Bennu may pass through a gravitational keyhole during the 2135 passage which could create an impact scenario at a future encounter. The keyholes are all less than 55 km wide.[7]

    On 25 September 2175 there is a 1 in 24,000 chance of an Earth impact,[6] but the nominal 2175 approach is in February 2175 at a distance of roughly 0.1 AU (15,000,000 km; 9,300,000 mi).[3] The most threatening virtual impactor is on 24 September 2196 when there is a 1 in 11,000 chance of an Earth impact.[6] There is a cumulative 1 in 2,700 chance of an Earth impact between 2175–2199.[6]

    Long term

    Lauretta et al. reported in 2015 their results of a computer simulation, concluding that it is more likely that 101955 Bennu will be destroyed by some other cause:

    The orbit of Bennu is intrinsically dynamically unstable, as are those of all NEOs. In order to glean probabilistic insights into the future evolution and likely fate of Bennu beyond a few hundred years, we tracked 1,000 virtual "Bennus" for an interval of 300 Myr with the gravitational perturbations of the planets Mercury–Neptune included. Our results ... indicate that Bennu has a 48% chance of falling into the Sun. There is a 10% probability that Bennu will be ejected out of the inner Solar System, most likely after a close encounter with Jupiter. The highest impact probability for a planet is with Venus (26%), followed by the Earth (10%) and Mercury (3%). The odds of Bennu striking Mars are only 0.8% and there is a 0.2% chance that Bennu will eventually collide with Jupiter.[23]

    OSIRIS-REx

    Animation of OSIRIS-REx trajectory from 9 September 2016 to 22 October 2023.
    OSIRIS-REx; 101955 Bennu; Earth; Sun;
    Animation of OSIRIS-REx's trajectory around 101955 Bennu from 26 December 2018 to 20 March 2021
       OSIRIS-REx ·   101955 Bennu

    The OSIRIS-REx mission of NASA's New Frontiers Program was launched towards 101955 Bennu on September 8, 2016. It is expected to reach the asteroid in August 2018 and return samples to Earth in 2023.[18]

    Selection

    Bennu was selected from over 500000 known asteroids by the OSIRIS-REx selection committee. The primary constraint for selection was close proximity to Earth, since proximity implies low impulse (Δv) required to reach an object from Earth orbit.[27] The criteria stipulated an asteroid in an orbit with low eccentricity, low inclination, and an orbital radius of 0.8–1.6 AU.[28] Furthermore, the candidate asteroid for a sample-return mission must have loose regolith on its surface, which implies a diameter greater than 200 meters. Asteroids smaller than this typically spin too fast to retain dust or small particles. Finally, a desire to find an asteroid with pristine carbon material from the early Solar System, possibly including volatile molecules and organic compounds, reduced the list further.

    With the above criteria applied, five asteroids remained as candidates for the OSIRIS-REx mission, and Bennu was chosen, in part for its potentially hazardous orbit.[28]

    Name

    The name Bennu was selected from more than eight thousand student entries from dozens of countries around the world who entered a "Name That Asteroid!" contest run by the University of Arizona, The Planetary Society, and the LINEAR Project.[3][12] Third-grade student Michael Puzio from North Carolina proposed the name in reference to the Egyptian mythological bird Bennu. To Puzio, the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft with its extended TAGSAM arm resembles the Egyptian deity, which is typically depicted as a heron.[3]

    See also

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 Nolan, M. C.; Magri, C.; Howell, E. S.; Benner, L. A. M.; Giorgini, J. D.; Hergenrother, C. W.; Hudson, R. S.; Lauretta, D. S.; Margot, J. L.; Ostro, S. J.; Scheeres, D. J. (2013). "Shape model and surface properties of the OSIRIS-REx target Asteroid (101955) Bennu from radar and lightcurve observations" (Submitted manuscript). Icarus. 226 (1): 629–640. Bibcode:2013Icar..226..629N. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.05.028. ISSN 0019-1035.
    2. 1 2 "Goldstone Delay-Doppler Images of 1999 RQ36". Asteroid Radar Research. Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
    3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 101955 Bennu (1999 RQ36)" (2017-09-01 last observation. Solution includes non-gravitational parameters). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
    4. 1 2 "(101955) Bennu = 1999 RQ36 Orbit". IAU Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
    5. ↑ "(101955) Bennu". NEODyS. University of Pisa. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
    6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "101955 1999 RQ36: Earth Impact Risk Summary". NASA. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 25 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
    7. 1 2 3 4 5 Chesley, Steven R.; Farnocchia, Davide; Nolan, Michael C.; Vokrouhlický, David; Chodas, Paul W.; Milani, Andrea; Spoto, Federica; Rozitis, Benjamin; Benner, Lance A.M.; Bottke, William F.; Busch, Michael W.; Emery, Joshua P.; Howell, Ellen S.; Lauretta, Dante S.; Margot, Jean-Luc; Taylor, Patrick A. (2014). "Orbit and bulk density of the OSIRIS-REx target Asteroid (101955) Bennu". Icarus. 235: 5–22. arXiv:1402.5573. Bibcode:2014Icar..235....5C. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.02.020. ISSN 0019-1035.
    8. ↑ "One of NASA's cleanest spacecraft ever is ready to fly". Spaceflight Now. Spaceflight Now Inc. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
    9. ↑ Hergenrother, CW; Barucci, MA; Barnouin, O (16 Sep 2014). "The Design Reference Asteroid for the OSIRIS-REx Mission Target (101955) Bennu". arXiv:1409.4704 [astro-ph.EP].
    10. 1 2 3 4 Hergenrother, Carl W; Maria Antonietta Barucci; Barnouin, Olivier; Bierhaus, Beau; Binzel, Richard P; Bottke, William F; Chesley, Steve; Clark, Ben C; Clark, Beth E; Cloutis, Ed; Christian Drouet d'Aubigny; Delbo, Marco; Emery, Josh; Gaskell, Bob; Howell, Ellen; Keller, Lindsay; Kelley, Michael; Marshall, John; Michel, Patrick; Nolan, Michael; Rizk, Bashar; Scheeres, Dan; Takir, Driss; Vokrouhlický, David D; Beshore, Ed; Lauretta, Dante S (2018). "Unusual polarimetric properties of (101955) Bennu: similarities with F-class asteroids and cometary bodies". arXiv:1808.07812 [astro-ph.EP].
    11. ↑ "Planetary Habitability Calculators". Planetary Habitability Laboratory. University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
    12. 1 2 Murphy, Diane (1 May 2013). "Nine-Year-Old Names Asteroid Target of NASA Mission in Competition Run By The Planetary Society". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
    13. ↑ "Sentry Risk Table". NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office. Archived from the original on 2016-09-11. Retrieved 2018-03-20. (Use Unconstrained Settings)
    14. 1 2 3 4 Lauretta, D. S.; Bartels, A. E.; et al. (April 2015). "The OSIRIS-REx target asteroid (101955) Bennu: Constraints on its physical, geological, and dynamical nature from astronomical observations". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 50 (4): 834–849. Bibcode:2015M&PS...50..834L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.723.9955. doi:10.1111/maps.12353.
    15. ↑ Corum, Jonathan (8 September 2016). "NASA Launches the Osiris-Rex Spacecraft to Asteroid Bennu". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
    16. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (8 September 2016). "The Osiris-Rex Spacecraft Begins Chasing an Asteroid". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
    17. ↑ Brown, Dwayne; Neal-Jones, Nancy (31 March 2015). "RELEASE 15-056 – NASA's OSIRIS-REx Mission Passes Critical Milestone". NASA. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
    18. 1 2 "NASA to Launch New Science Mission to Asteroid in 2016". NASA. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
    19. ↑ Hudson, R. S.; Ostro, S. J.; Benner, L. A. M. (2000). "Recent Delay-Doppler Radar Asteroid Modeling Results: 1999 RQ36 and Craters on Toutatis". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 32: 1001. Bibcode:2000DPS....32.0710H.
    20. ↑ Emery, J.; et al. (July 2014), Muinonen, K., ed., "Thermal infrared observations and thermophysical characterization of the OSIRIS-REx target asteroid (101955) Bennu", Conference Proceedings Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2014: 148, Bibcode:2014acm..conf..148E.
    21. ↑ Hergenrother, Carl W.; et al. (September 2013), "Lightcurve, Color and Phase Function Photometry of the OSIRIS-REx Target Asteroid (101955) Bennu", Icarus, 226 (1): 663–670, Bibcode:2013Icar..226..663H, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.05.044.
    22. ↑ Bottke, William F.; et al. (February 2015), "In search of the source of asteroid (101955) Bennu: Applications of the stochastic YORP model", Icarus, 247: 191–217, Bibcode:2015Icar..247..191B, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.046.
    23. 1 2 Lauretta, D. S.; et al. (April 2015), "The OSIRIS-REx target asteroid (101955) Bennu: Constraints on its physical, geological, and dynamical nature from astronomical observations", Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 50 (4): 834–849, Bibcode:2015M&PS...50..834L, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.723.9955, doi:10.1111/maps.12353.
    24. ↑ Robert Marcus; H. Jay Melosh & Gareth Collins (2010). "Earth Impact Effects Program". Imperial College London / Purdue University. Retrieved 2013-02-07. (solution using density of 2,600 kg/m^3, sped of 17km/s, and impact angle of 45 degrees)
    25. ↑ Milani, Andrea; Chesley, Steven R.; Sansaturio, Maria Eugenia; Bernardi, Fabrizio; Valsecchi, Giovanni B.; Arratia, Oscar (2009). "Long term impact risk for (101955) 1999 RQ36". Icarus. 203 (2): 460–471. arXiv:0901.3631. Bibcode:2009Icar..203..460M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.05.029.
    26. ↑ Paul Chodas (24 March 2018). "Recent Bennu Press Stories Need Correction". Center for NEO Studies (CNEOS).
    27. ↑ Near-Earth Asteroid Delta-V for Space Rendezvous
    28. 1 2 "Why Bennu?". OSIRIS-REx Mission. Arizona Board of Regents. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
    • Earth Impact Risk Summary: 101955 1999 RQ36 (Years: 2175–2199) – JPL near-Earth object website
    • NEODyS-2 Ephemerides for 2135 (step size: 10 days)
    • Delbo, Marco; Michel, Patrick (2011). "Temperature History and Dynamical Evolution of (101955) 1999 Rq 36: A Potential Target for Sample Return from a Primitive Asteroid". The Astrophysical Journal. 728 (2): L42. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/728/2/L42.
    • Hergenrother, Carl W.; et al. (2012). "Physical Properties of OSIRIS-REx Target Asteroid (101955) 1999 RQ36 derived from Herschel, ESO-VISIR and Spitzer observations". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 548: A36. arXiv:1210.5370. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220066.
    • Hergenrother, Carl W.; et al. (2014). "The Design Reference Asteroid for the OSIRIS-REx Mission Target (101955) Bennu". arXiv:1409.4704 [astro-ph.EP].
    • 101955 Bennu orbit and observations at IAU Minor Planet Center
    • 101955 Bennu at the JPL Small-Body Database Edit this at Wikidata
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