< Flora of New York
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Malpighiales (3)
Salicaceae		 Flora of New York — Malpighiales (4) : Euphorbiaceae, Linaceae →
Fabales
Table of
contents		 Genus
index		 Protected species index Invasive species index
Order Family Subfamily Tribe Genus Common names #
Malpighiales Hypericaceae — Hypericeae Triadenum marsh St. John's wort 2
Hypericum St. John's wort 18
Podostemaceae Podostemoideae — Podostemum river weed 1
Elatinaceae — — Elatine water wort 3
Violaceae Violoideae Violeae Hybanthus greenviolet 1
Viola violet 57
Salicaceae Salicoideae — Populus cottonwood, aspen, poplar 11
Salix willow 36
Euphorbiaceae Acalyphoideae Acalypheae Acalypha copperleaf, three-seed mercury 4
Mercurialis herb mercury 1
Ricinus castor bean 1
Crotonoideae Crotoneae Croton rushfoil, hogwort 1
Euphorbioideae Euphorbieae Euphorbia spurge, sandmat 21
Linaceae Linoideae Lineae Linum flax 9

Family Euphorbiaceae

The Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) ...

Subfamily Acalyphoideae

Tribe Acalypheae

Acalypha
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Acalyphoideae — Acalypheae — Acalypha
Acalypha Copperleaf N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Raf.
1836. Acalypha rhomboidea Raf.
1984. A. virginica var. rhomboidea
 Common copperleaf,
Common threeseed mercury,
Rhombic copperleaf,
Rhombic threeseed mercury,
Virginia threeseed mercury		 Native, C:0,
Secure
FACU
Annual,
Herb-forb
NYFA-5
USDA-NN
NPT 
ARS 
Trop.



Images, wsp
 A.Gray
1848. Acalypha gracilens A.Gray
1853. A. virginica var. gracilens
 Slender threeseed mercury,
Slender copperleaf		 Native, C:6,
Likely secure
FAC-FACU
Annual,
Herb-forb
NYFA-4
USDA-N0
NPT 
ITIS
Trop.



Images, wsp
 L.
1753. Acalypha virginica L.
1817. Acalypha digyneia Raf.
1853. A. virginica var. virginica
1891. Ricinocarpus virginicus Kuntze
 Virginia three-seeded mercury,
Three-seeded mercury,
Virginia copperleaf,
Virginia mercury		 Native, C:10,
Endangered,
DEC-A[1]
FACU
Annual,
Herb-forb
NYFA-1
USDA-N
NPT 
ARS ITIS
Trop.



Images, wsp
 L.
1753. Acalypha australis L.
 Asian three-seeded-mercury,
Asian copperleaf,
Australian acalypha		 Introduced from
 Asia,
iMapInvasives
Annual,
Herb-forb
NYFA-X
USDA-X0

ARS ITIS




Images, wsp
  1. ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered.
Ricinus
Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Acalyphoideae — Acalypheae — Ricinus
Ricinus Ricinus N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Ricinus communis L.
 Castor-bean,
Castor bean,
Castorbean,
Castor-oil plant		 Introduced,
Impersistent,
Not naturalized
Perennial,
Shrub
NYFA-X
USDA-X0
NPT 
ARS ITIS




Images, wsp
    Mercurialis
    Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Acalyphoideae — Acalypheae — Mercurialis
    Mercurialis Mercurialis N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
     L.
    1753. Mercurialis annua L.
    Herb-mercury
    Herb mercury
    Annual mercury
    Boys-and-girls
    French mercury
    		 Introduced,
    Impersistent
    		NYFA-X
    USDA-XX

    ARS 




    Images, wsp

      Subfamily Crotonoideae

      Tribe Crotoneae

      Croton
      Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Crotonoideae — Crotoneae — Croton
      Croton Rushfoil N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
       Michx.
      var. capitatus
      Woolly croton
      Hogwort
      		 Introduced,
      Not naturalized
      		NYFA-X
      USDA-NX






      Images, wsp

        Subfamily Euphorbioideae

        Tribe Euphorbieae

        Euphorbia

        Two subgenera of Euphorbia (commonly known as spurge) can be found in New York.

        Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce
        Subgenus Chamaesyce contains North American spurges or sandmats, many of which are treated in a separate Chamaesyce genus by some sources. Recent phylogenic studies, however, have shown the Chamaesyce genus to be embedded within Euphorbia.[1]

        The name Chamaesyce is from the Greek chamai (meaning "on the ground") and skyon (meaning "fig," as in Ficus). A common pronunciation of Chamaesyce, according to Botanary is kam-ay-SY-kee.[2]

        1. ↑ The New York Flora Atlas states: "Steinmann and Porter (2002) provide strong evidence that the segregate genus Chamaesyce is nested within Euphorbia. Therefore we recognize Euphorbia in a broad sense including Chamaesyce."
        2. ↑ Dave's Garden. Botanary: Chamaesyce
        Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Alectoroctonum
        Euphorbia corollata
        American spurge
          Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce
          Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Alectoroctonum Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
           L.
              Euphorbia marilandica
              Tithymalopsis corollata
              Tithymalopsis marilandica
              Tithymalopsis olivacea
          Flowering spurge
          American spurge
          Blooming spurge
          Poison-milkweed
          Euphorbe pétaloïde
          		 Native, C:3,
          Secure
          Perennial,
          Herb-forb
          		NYFA-5
          USDA-NN
          NPT Can
          ARS 
          Trop.



          Images, wsp
           L.
              Euphorbia arundelana
              Tithymalopsis arundelana
              Tithymalopsis ipecacuanhae
          Ipecac spurge
          American ipecac
          Carolina ipecac
          Wild ipecac
          		 Native,
          Endangered
          		NYFA-1
          USDA-N0
          NPT 
          ARS 




          Images, wsp
           Pursh
          		 Snow-on-the-mountain,
          Mountain snow spurge          		 Introduced from
           Great Plains,
           Rockies,
          N. America native
          FACU
          Annual,
          Herb-forb
          		NYFA-X
          USDA-NX
          NPT 


          BNA


          Images, wsp
            Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Anisophyllum
            Euphorbia maculata
            spotted spurge, spotted sandmat
              Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce
              Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Anisophyllum Spurge, Sandmat N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
               Raf.
              1818. Euphorbia vermiculata Raf.
              1897. E. rafinesquei Greene
              1912. Chamaesyce rafinesquei
              (Greene) A.Heller
              1913. C. rafinesquei
              (Greene) Small (iso.)
              1920. C. vermiculata (Raf.) House
              Hairy spurge
              Wormseed sandmat
              Worm-seed sand-mat
              Wormseed spurge
              Worm-seeded spurge
              		 Native,
              Secure
              		NYFA-N
              USDA-NN
              NPT 





              Images, wsp
               L.
              1753. Euphorbia maculata L.
              1794. Tithymalus maculatus
              (L.) Moench
              1812. Anisophyllum maculatum
              (L.) Haw.
              1817. Euphorbia supina Raf.
              1903. Chamaesyce maculata
              (L.) Small
              1939. C. supina (Raf.) Moldenke
              1940. C. supina (Raf.) H.Hara (iso.)
              		 Spotted sandmat,
              Spotted spurge,
              Blotched Spurge,
              Milk-purslane              		 Native, C:0,
              Secure
              FACU
              Annual,
              Herb-forb
              		NYFA-5
              USDA-N0
              NPT 
              ARS 
              Trop.



              Images, wsp
               Lag.
              1816. Euphorbia nutans Lag.
              1827. Euphorbia preslii Guss.
              1903. Chamaesyce nutans
              (Lag.) Small
              1931. Tithymalus nutans
              (Lag.) Samp.
              Upright spurge
              Eyebane
              Eyebane sandmat
              		 Native, C:0,
              Secure
              FACU
              Annual,
              Herb-forb
              		NYFA-5
              USDA-NN
              NPT 
              ARS 
              Trop.



              Images, wsp
              Engelm.
                  Chamaesyce glyptosperma
              		 Ridge-seeded spurge,
              Ribseed sandmat,
              Corrugate-seeded broomspurge              		 Native,
              Likely secure
              		NYFA-4
              USDA-NN
              NPT 





              Images, wsp
               L.
                  Chamaesyce polygonifolia
              		 Seaside sandmat,
              Seaside spurge              		 Native,
              Vulnerable
              		NYFA-3-4
              USDA-XX
              NPT 





              Images, wsp
               L.
                  Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.
              		 Pillpod sandmat,
              Pill-podded broomspurge              		 Introduced,
              US South native
              		NYFA-X
              NPT 





              Images, wsp
              Euphorbia sect. Anisophyllum (excluded taxa) Spurge, Sandmat N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
               Pers.
              var. serpyllifolia
                  Chamaesyce serpyllifolia
              ssp. serpyllifolia
              		 Thyme-leaf sandmat,
              Thyme-leaved sandmat              		 N. America native,
              N.Y. excluded
              		NYFA-XCLD
              USDA-NN
              NPT 





              Images, wsp
              Engelm.
                  Chamaesyce stictospora
              		 Slimseed sandmat,
              Slim-seeded broomspurge              		 N. America native,
              N.Y. excluded
              		NYFA-XCLD
              USDA-N0
              NPT 





              Images, wsp
              Engelm.
              1856. Euphorbia humistrata
              Engelm.
              1860. Anisophyllum humistratum
              (Engelm.) Klotzsch & Garcke
              1903. Chamaesyce humistrata
              (Engelm.) Small
              		 Prostrate spurge,
              Hairy spreading spurge,
              Spreading sandmat              		 N. America native
               Midwest,
              N.Y. excluded
              		NYFA-XCLD
              USDA-NX
              NEW-0Can

              FNA Trop.
              BNA


              Images, wsp
                Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Poinsettia
                Euphorbia davidii
                David’s spurge
                  Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce
                  Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Poinsettia Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
                   Subils
                  1890. Euphorbia dentata var. gracillima
                  1923. Euphorbia dentata var. lancifolia
                  1984. Euphorbia davidii Subils
                  David’s spurge
                  Toothed spurge
                  Wild poinsettia
                  Euphorbe de David
                  		 Introduced,
                  US Southwest native
                  		NYFA-X
                  USDA-XX
                  NPT Can
                  ARS 
                  Trop.
                  BNA
                  IPN 

                  Images, wsp
                  Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce sect. Poinsettia (excluded taxa) Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
                   Michx.
                  1803. Euphorbia dentata Michx.
                  1812. Anisophyllum dentatum
                  (Michx.) Haw.
                  1859. Poinsettia dentata
                  (Michx.) Klotzsch & Garcke
                  1803. Euphorbia dentata var. linearis
                  Toothed spurge
                  Dentate spurge
                  Euphorbe à feuilles dentées
                  		 N. America native
                   southern US,
                  N.Y. excluded
                  		NYFA-XCLD
                  USDA-M0
                  NPT Can
                  ARS 




                  Images, wsp
                    Euphorbia subg. Esula

                    Subgenus Esula contains non-native spurges,[1] a few of which are considered highly invasive in New York.

                    Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Esula
                    Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
                    Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Esula Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
                     L.
                    1753. Euphorbia cyparissias L.
                    1768. Tithymalus cyparissias
                    (L.) Hill
                    1812. Esula cyparissias (L.) Haw.
                    1836. Keraselma cyparissias
                    (L.) Raf.
                    1932. Galarhoeus cyparissias
                    (L.) Small ex Rydb.
                    Cypress spurge
                    Graveyard weed
                    Graveyard spurge
                    Euphorbe cyprès
                    Rhubarbe des pauvres
                    Euphorbe petit-cyprès
                    		 Introduced from
                     Eurasia,
                    Highly invasive,
                    NYIS: 75%[2],
                    Prohibited[3],
                    NE-3[4]
                    		NYFA-X
                    USDA-X
                    NPT 
                    ARS 
                    Trop.
                    NSE BNA


                    Images, wsp
                    Waldst. & Kit.
                    1803. E. virgata Waldst. & Kit. (i)
                    1979. E. esula ssp. tommasiniana
                    1988. E. esula var. uralensis
                     auct. E. esula non L. (i)
                    		 Leafy spurge,
                    Wolf's milk,
                    Russian leafy spurge,
                    Narrow leafy spurge
                    Euphorbe de Tommasini,
                    Euphorbe de Waldstein,
                    Euphorbe effilée                    		 Introduced from
                     Eurasia,
                     n. Africa,
                    Highly invasive,
                    NYIS: 76%[5],
                    Prohibited[3],
                    NE-1[6]
                    		NYFA-X
                    USDA-XX
                    NPT Can
                    ARS 
                    Trop.



                    Images, wsp
                    Waldst. & Kit. (1801)
                        Galarhoeus lucidus
                        Tithymalus lucidus
                    		 Shining spurge Introduced
                    		NYFA-X
                    USDA-XX

                    ARS ITIS




                    Images, wsp
                    Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Esula (excluded taxa) Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
                    Euphorbia uralensis
                    = Euphorbia esula
                    		 Leafy spurge Introduced,
                    N.Y. excluded
                    		NYFA-XCLD

                    ITIS




                    Images, wsp
                     L.
                    1753. E. esula L.
                    1822. E. uralensis Fisch. ex Link
                    1933. Tithymalus uralensis
                    (Fisch. ex Link) Prokhanov
                    		 Leafy spurge Introduced,
                    N.Y. excluded
                    		NYFA-XCLD






                    Images, wsp
                    1. ↑ Euphorbia Planetary Biodiversity Inventory project (PBI)
                    2. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euphorbia cyparissias: Highly invasive (75%).
                    3. 1 2 New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species
                    4. ↑ Category 3 Plants - widespread non-native species - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service
                    5. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euphorbia esula: Highly invasive (76%).
                    6. ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service
                    Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Helioscopia
                    Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
                    Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Helioscopia Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
                     L.
                    1753. Euphorbia helioscopia L.
                        Galarhoeus helioscopius (L.) Haw.
                        Tithymalus helioscopius (L.) Hill
                    Sun spurge
                    Wolf's-milk
                    Cat-milk
                    Madwoman's milk
                    Wart spurge
                    Wart weed
                    Waterweed
                    Summer spurge
                    Euphorbe réveille-matin
                    Euphorbe réveil-matin
                    Réveille-matin
                    Euphorbe hélioscopique
                    		 Introduced
                    		NYFA-X
                    USDA-XX
                    NPT 
                    ARS 
                    Trop.



                    Images, wsp
                     L.
                        Galarhoeus platyphyllos (L.) Rydb.
                        Tithymalus platyphyllos (L.) Hill
                    		 Broadfeaf spurge,
                    Broad-leaved spurge                    		 Introduced
                    		NYFA-X
                    USDA-XX
                    NPT 





                    Images, wsp
                     L.
                    1762. E. epithymoides L.
                        E. polychroma A.Kern.
                        
                    		 Cushion spurge
                    Euphorbe dorée,
                    Euphorbe polychrome                    		 Introduced
                    		NYFA-X
                    USDA-XX
                    NPT 
                    ARS 




                    Images, wsp
                    Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Helioscopia (excluded taxa) Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
                    (Raf.) Fernald
                    1840. Agaloma purpurea Raf.
                    1848. E. darlingtonii A.Gray
                    1903. Tithymalus darlingtonii
                    (A. Gray) Small
                    1932. E. purpurea (Raf.) Fernald
                    1933. Galarhoeus darlingtonii
                    (A. Gray) Small
                    Darlington's spurge
                    Darlington's glade spurge
                    Glade spurge
                    		 N. America native
                     Mid-Atlantic,
                    N.Y. excluded
                    		NYFA-XCLD
                    USDA-N0
                    NPT 
                    ARS ITIS
                    Trop.



                    Images, wsp
                      Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Tithymalus
                      Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
                      Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Tithymalus Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
                       L. (1753)
                          Galarhoeus peplus (L.) Rydb.
                          Tithymalus peplus (L.) Hill
                      		 Petty spurge,
                      Euphorbe des jardins                      		 Introduced
                      		NYFA-X
                      USDA-XX
                      NPT 
                      ARS ITIS




                      Images, wsp
                        Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Lathyris
                        Euphorbia lathyris - caper spurge, myrtle spurge, mole plant
                          Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
                          Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Lathyris Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
                           L. (1759)
                          1753. Euphorbia lathyrus L.
                              Galarhoeus lathyris (L.) Haw.
                              Tithymalus lathyris (L.) Hill
                          		 Caper spurge,
                          Mole plant,
                          Gopher plant,
                          Euphorbe épurge                          		 Introduced,
                          Invasive,
                          NYIS: 57%[1]
                          		NYFA-X
                          USDA-XX
                          NPT 
                          ARS ITIS




                          Images, wsp
                          1. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Euphorbia lathyris: Moderate (57).
                          Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Exiguae
                          Malpighiales — Euphorbiaceae — Euphorbioideae — Euphorbieae — Euphorbiineae — Euphorbia subg. Esula
                          Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Exiguae Spurge N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
                           L.
                          		 Dwarf spurge,
                          Little spurge                          		 Introduced,
                          Impersistent
                          		NYFA-X
                          USDA-XX






                          Images, wsp

                            Family Linaceae

                            The Linaceae

                            Subfamily Linoideae

                            Tribe Lineae

                            Linum
                            Linum virginianum
                            slender yellow flax
                              Malpighiales — Linaceae — Linoideae — Lineae — Linum
                              Linum Flax N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
                               L.
                              		 Slender yellow flax,
                              Woodland yellow flax,
                              Woodland flax,
                              Virginia flax,
                              Yellow flax                              		 Native,
                              Secure
                              		NYFA-5
                              USDA-NN
                              NPT 





                              Images, wsp
                               Walter
                              		 Ridged yellow flax Native,
                              Rare
                              		NYFA-3
                              USDA-NN






                              Images, wsp
                               E.P.Bicknell
                              1912. L. intercursum E.P.Bicknell
                              1916. L. floridanum var. intercursum
                              1933. Cathartolinum intercursum
                              Small
                              		 Sandplain flax,
                              Sandplain yellow flax                              		 Native,
                              Threatened,
                              NYNHP: S2[1]
                              		NYFA-2
                              USDA-N0
                              NPT 





                              Images, wsp
                               (Planch.) Britton
                              var. texanum
                              1848. L. virginianum var. texanum
                              1935. L. medium var. texanum
                              		 Stiff yellow flax Native,
                              Threatened,
                              NYNHP: S2[2]
                              		NYFA-2
                              USDA-NN
                              NPT 





                              Images, wsp
                               Riddell
                              var. sulcatum
                              1836. L. sulcatum Riddell
                              1907. Cathartolinum sulcatum
                              (Riddell) Small
                              1982. Mesynium sulcatum
                              (Riddell) Á. Löve & D. Löve
                              		 Grooved yellow flax Native,
                              Threatened,
                              NYNHP: S2[3]
                              		NYFA-2
                              USDA-NN
                              NPT 
                              ARS ITIS
                              Trop.



                              Images, wsp
                               L.
                              1753. L. usitatissimum L.
                              1768. L. humile Mill.
                              1805. L. usitatissimum
                              var. humile (Mill.) Pers.
                              1940. L. usitatissimum
                              ssp. transitorium Vavilov & Elladi
                              		 Common flax,
                              Cultivated flax,
                              Linseed
                              Lin cultivé,
                              Lin utile,
                              Lin                              		 Introduced,
                              Only cultivated
                              		NYFA-X
                              USDA-XW
                              NPT Can
                              ARS 




                              Images, wsp
                              		 Fairy flax Introduced
                              		NYFA-X
                              USDA-XX






                              Images, wsp
                               L.
                              1753. Linum grandiflorum L.
                              		 Flowering flax,
                              Red flax,
                              Scarlet flax,
                              Crimson flax
                              Lin à grandes fleurs                              		 Introduced from
                               Algeria
                              		NYFA-X
                              USDA-X0

                              ARS 




                              Images, wsp
                               L.
                              1753. Linum perenne L.
                               auct. Linum lewisii non Pursh
                              		 Blue flax,
                              Perennial flax,
                              Alpine flax
                              Lin vivace                              		 Introduced from
                               Eurasia
                              		NYFA-X
                              USDA-XN

                              ARS 




                              Images, wsp
                              Linum (excluded taxa) Flax N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
                               (Planch.) Britton
                              var. medium
                              1848. Linum virginianum var. medium
                              1897. Linum medium (Planch.) Britton
                              		 Stiff yellow flax N. America native,
                              N.Y. excluded
                              Annual-perennial,
                              Herb-forb
                              		NYFA-XCLD
                              USDA-NN

                              ARS 




                              Images, wsp
                              1. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Linum intercursum. Threatened, S2/G4.
                              2. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Linum medium var. texanum. Threatened, S2/G5T5.
                              3. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Linum sulcatum. Threatened, S2/G5.
                              ←
                              Malpighiales (3)
                              Salicaceae                              		 Flora of New York — Malpighiales (4) : Euphorbiaceae, Linaceae →
                              Fabales
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