豆蔻

Chinese

	bean; sacrificial vessel
trad. (豆蔻/荳蔻)	豆/荳	蔻
simp. (豆蔻)	豆	蔻
variant forms	豆寇

Etymology

Perhaps a variant of Tang-dynasty 多骨 (MC tɑ kuət̚), referring to cardamom imported from the Kakkola (伽古羅) country on the western coast of the Malaya Peninsula, which the Chinese from the eighth century thought produced both the nutmegs and the round cardamom (Amomum compactum), the latter possibly imported from Java (Donkin, 2003).

Compare Sanskrit तक्कोल (takkola, “a kind of perfume”), कक्कोल (kakkola, “a kind of plant; a perfume”), Pali takkola, Arabic قاقُلَّة‎ (qāqulla, “cardamom”), Tibetan ཀ་ཀོ་ལ (ka ko la, “cardamom”), Javanese kapulaga.

Li Shizhen interprets this word as a compound of 豆 (“bean(-like)”) + 蔻 (“many; profusion”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): dòukòu

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄡˋ ㄎㄡˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): dau⁶ kau³
Min Nan (POJ): tāu-khò͘ / tō͘-khò͘

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: dòukòu
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄡˋ ㄎㄡˋ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dowkow
  - IPA ^(key): /toʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰoʊ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: dau⁶ kau³
  - Yale: dauh kau
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dau⁶ kau³
  - Guangdong Romanization: deo⁶ keo³
  - IPA ^(key): /tɐu̯²² kʰɐu̯³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tāu-khò͘ / tō͘-khò͘
  - Tâi-lô: tāu-khòo / tōo-khòo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dauxqox, doxqox
  - IPA (Xiamen): /taʊ²²⁻²¹ kʰɔ²¹/, /tɔ²²⁻²¹ kʰɔ²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /taʊ⁴¹⁻²² kʰɔ⁴¹/, /tɔ⁴¹⁻²² kʰɔ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /taʊ²²⁻²¹ kʰɔ²¹/, /tɔ²²⁻²¹ kʰɔ²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /taʊ³³⁻¹¹ kʰɔ¹¹/, /tɔ³³⁻¹¹ kʰɔ¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /taʊ³³⁻²¹ kʰɔ²¹/, /tɔ³³⁻²¹ kʰɔ²¹/

Middle Chinese: /dəu^H həu^H/▼

Rime
Character	豆	蔻
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	侯 (137)	侯 (137)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	田候切	呼漏切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/dəu^H/	/həu^H/
Pan Wuyun	/dəu^H/	/həu^H/
Shao Rongfen	/dəu^H/	/xəu^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dəw^H/	/həw^H/
Li Rong	/du^H/	/xu^H/
Wang Li	/dəu^H/	/xəu^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/dʱə̯u^H/	/xə̯u^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dòu	hòu

Old Chinese▼
(Zhengzhang): /*doːs qʰoːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	豆	豆
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dòu	dòu
Middle Chinese	‹ duw^H ›	‹ duw^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[N.t]ˁo-s/	/*[d]ˁok-s/
English	bean	vessel with a neck
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	豆	蔻
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	2466	7500
Phonetic component	豆	寇
Rime group	侯	侯
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime		蔻
Old Chinese	/*doːs/	/*qʰoːs/

Noun

豆蔻

cardamom, especially the round cardamom (Amomum compactum)
Alternative name for 肉豆蔻 (ròudòukòu, “nutmeg”).
(figuratively) girl's teenage years (especially 13–14 years of age); maidenhood; budding beauty

Synonyms

(cardamom): 小豆蔻 (xiǎodòukòu)

Derived terms

白豆蔻 (báidòukòu)
紅豆蔻／红豆蔻
肉豆蔻 (ròudòukòu)
草豆蔻

豆蔻年華／豆蔻年华
豆蔻梢頭／豆蔻梢头
豆蔻酸

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