because of; for; to because of; for; to; act as; take...to be; to be; to do; to serve as; to become |
good | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (為善) | 為 | 善 | |
| simp. (为善) | 为 | 善 | |
| Rime | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 為 | 為 | 善 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) | 云 (35) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 支 (14) | 支 (14) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | Chongniu III | Chongniu III | III |
| Fanqie | 薳支切 | 于僞切 | 常演切 |
| Reconstructions | |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ɦˠiuᴇ/ | /ɦˠiuᴇH/ | /d͡ʑiᴇnX/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/ɦʷᵚiɛ/ | /ɦʷᵚiɛH/ | /d͡ʑiɛnX/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ɣiuɛ/ | /ɣiuɛH/ | /d͡ʑjænX/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ɦjwiə̆/ | /ɦjwiə̆H/ | /d͡ʑianX/ |
| Li Rong |
/ɣjue/ | /ɣjueH/ | /ʑiɛnX/ |
| Wang Li |
/ɣǐwe/ | /ɣǐweH/ | /ʑĭɛnX/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/wie̯/ | /wie̯H/ | /ʑi̯ɛnX/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
wéi | wèi | shàn |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 為 | 善 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
wéi | shàn |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ hjwe › | ‹ dzyenX › |
| Old Chinese |
/*ɢʷ(r)aj/ | /*[ɡ]e[n]ʔ/ |
| English | make, do, act as | good |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 為 | 善 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11084 | |
| Phonetic component |
爲 | 善 |
| Rime group |
歌 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision |
1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
爲 | 善 |
| Old Chinese |
/*ɢʷal/ | /*ɡjenʔ/ |
| Notes | 俗爲字 | |