浪人

Chinese
 
wave; breaker; unrestrained; dissipated
 man; person; people
simp. and trad.
(浪人)		 浪 人

Pronunciation

Noun

浪人

  1. hobo; vagabond
  2. ruffian
  3. Japanese ronin
  4. (colloquial) lewd person; lecher

Japanese
Kanji in this term
浪 人
ろう
Grade: S		 にん
Grade: 1
on’yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese compound 浪人 (lang nyin, literally “wasteful or reckless person”). Compare modern Mandarin reading làngrén.

Originally referred to someone who had no fixed residence. Used in the context of the Ritsuryō legal system of Nara and Heian period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their registered residence in order to avoid tax liabilities and corvee labor requirements.[1] Later in the Muromachi period, came to refer to samurai who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams.

Pronunciation

Noun

浪人 (hiragana ろうにん, rōmaji rōnin, historical hiragana らうにん)

  1. a masterless samurai
  2. a vagrant, a vagabond, a wanderer
  3. someone in exile
    • 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho (page 541)[5]
      Rǒnin. ラゥニン (牢人) 追放された人.
    More specifically spelled 牢人.
  4. a prisoner
    More specifically spelled 牢人.
  5. someone who has been laid off or fired, an unemployed person
    • 1682: 好色一代男 (page 70)[6]
      罷出たるは此あたり八百八祢宜の子共、諸方の浪人友噪ぎにして、かざえ扇は、何しのぶぞかし。
    • 1686: 好色一代女 (page 363)[6]
      「こなたは御牢人衆なるが、御奉公済ざるうちは、折ふし気慰に御入あるべし。」
    • 1686: 好色一代女 (page 437)[6]
      「京の石垣くづれなりと、さる御牢人衆の娘御なりと、新町で天神して居た女郎の果なりと、おまえへさまも見しらしやつて御ざんす事も」と
  6. a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again: 浪人生 (​rōninsei)

Synonyms
  • (wanderer): 流 (る)浪 (ろう)人 (にん) (rurōnin), 流 (る)浪 (ろう)者 (しゃ) (rurōsha)
  • (unemployed person): 失業者 (しつぎょうしゃ) (shitsugyōsha)
  • (exile, prisoner): 牢 (ろう)者 (しゃ) (rōsha)

Derived terms
  • 浪 (ろう)人 (にん)生 (せい) (rōninsei): a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again

Verb

浪人する (hiragana ろうにんする, rōmaji rōnin suru, historical hiragana らうにんする)

  1. to become unemployed, to lose one's job
  2. (archaic) to lose one's master
  3. to study for the following year's annual university entrance exams after failing

Conjugation
Conjugation of "浪人する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 浪人し ろうにんし rōnin shi
Continuative (連用形) 浪人し ろうにんし rōnin shi
Terminal (終止形) 浪人する ろうにんする rōnin suru
Attributive (連体形) 浪人する ろうにんする rōnin suru
Hypothetical (仮定形) 浪人すれ ろうにんすれ rōnin sure
Imperative (命令形) 浪人せよ¹
浪人しろ²		 ろうにんせよ¹
ろうにんしろ²		 rōnin seyo¹
rōnin shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 浪人される ろうにんされる rōnin sareru
Causative 浪人させる
浪人さす		 ろうにんさせる
ろうにんさす		 rōnin saseru
rōnin sasu
Potential 浪人できる ろうにんできる rōnin dekiru
Volitional 浪人しよう ろうにんしよう rōnin shiyō
Negative 浪人しない ろうにんしない rōnin shinai
Negative continuative 浪人せず ろうにんせず rōnin sezu
Formal 浪人します ろうにんします rōnin shimasu
Perfective 浪人した ろうにんした rōnin shita
Conjunctive 浪人して ろうにんして rōnin shite
Hypothetical conditional 浪人すれば ろうにんすれば rōnin sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

Synonyms

References
  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  4. Tadakane, Tachibana; Masamune Atsuo (ed.) (c. 1177-1188) Iroha Jiruishō (in Japanese), Kazama Shobō, published 1971
  5. Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.
  6. Ihara, Saikaku; Isoji Asō, Gen Itasaka, Seiji Tsutsumi, Kōshin Noma (volume 47) Saikaku shū, jō, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten Publishing, →ISBN

Korean
Hanja in this term
浪人

Noun

浪人 • (nang-in) (hangeul 낭인)

  1. Hanja form? of 낭인 (“vagabond; ronin”).

Vietnamese
Hán tự in this word
浪人

Noun

浪人

  1. Hán tự form of lãng nhân (“ronin”).
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