gruger
French
Etymology
From Dutch gruizen.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɡʁy.ʒe/
Conjugation
This is a regular -er verb, but the stem is written gruge- before endings that begin with -a- or -o- (to indicate that the -g- is a “soft” /ʒ/ and not a “hard” /ɡ/). This spelling-change occurs in all verbs in -ger, such as neiger and manger.
Conjugation of gruger (see also Appendix:French verbs)
present participle | grugeant /ɡʁy.ʒɑ̃/ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past participle | grugé /ɡʁy.ʒe/ | ||||||
infinitive | |||||||
simple | gruger | ||||||
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
gerund1 | |||||||
simple | grugeant /ɡʁy.ʒɑ̃/ | ||||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | gruge /ɡʁyʒ/ |
gruges /ɡʁyʒ/ |
gruge /ɡʁyʒ/ |
grugeons /ɡʁy.ʒɔ̃/ |
grugez /ɡʁy.ʒe/ |
grugent /ɡʁyʒ/ |
imperfect | grugeais /ɡʁy.ʒɛ/ |
grugeais /ɡʁy.ʒɛ/ |
grugeait /ɡʁy.ʒɛ/ |
grugions /ɡʁy.ʒjɔ̃/ |
grugiez /ɡʁy.ʒje/ |
grugeaient /ɡʁy.ʒɛ/ | |
past historic2 | grugeai /ɡʁy.ʒe/ |
grugeas /ɡʁy.ʒa/ |
grugea /ɡʁy.ʒa/ |
grugeâmes /ɡʁy.ʒam/ |
grugeâtes /ɡʁy.ʒat/ |
grugèrent /ɡʁy.ʒɛʁ/ | |
future | grugerai /ɡʁyʒ.ʁe/ |
grugeras /ɡʁyʒ.ʁa/ |
grugera /ɡʁyʒ.ʁa/ |
grugerons /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɔ̃/ |
grugerez /ɡʁyʒ.ʁe/ |
grugeront /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | grugerais /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɛ/ |
grugerais /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɛ/ |
grugerait /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɛ/ |
grugerions /ɡʁy.ʒə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
grugeriez /ɡʁy.ʒə.ʁje/ |
grugeraient /ɡʁyʒ.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | gruge /ɡʁyʒ/ |
gruges /ɡʁyʒ/ |
gruge /ɡʁyʒ/ |
grugions /ɡʁy.ʒjɔ̃/ |
grugiez /ɡʁy.ʒje/ |
grugent /ɡʁyʒ/ |
imperfect2 | grugeasse /ɡʁy.ʒas/ |
grugeasses /ɡʁy.ʒas/ |
grugeât /ɡʁy.ʒa/ |
grugeassions /ɡʁy.ʒa.sjɔ̃/ |
grugeassiez /ɡʁy.ʒa.sje/ |
grugeassent /ɡʁy.ʒas/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | gruge /ɡʁyʒ/ |
— | grugeons /ɡʁy.ʒɔ̃/ |
grugez /ɡʁy.ʒe/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 Only usable with preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Further reading
- “gruger” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
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