caveo

Latin
Cave canem
Beware of the dog

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *kawēō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- (“to perceive, pay attention”).

Cognate with Ancient Greek κοέω (koéō), Sanskrit कवि (kaví, “wise, poet, seer, sage”), Lithuanian kavoti (“safeguard, tend”), Old Armenian ցուցանեմ (cʿucʿanem, “I show”), English show.

Pronunciation

Verb

caveō (present infinitive cavēre, perfect active cāvī, supine cautum); second conjugation

  1. I beware, avoid, take care.
    Caveat emptor.
    May the buyer beware.
  2. I am aware of; guard against, prevent.
  3. (law) I take care for, order, decree, stipulate.
  4. (with ab) I procure bail or surety from.
  5. I make someone secure by bail or surety; pledge.

Usage notes

The primary sense ("beware") may either govern a noun in the accusative or a second verb in the subjunctive, with nē in between caveō and the next verb, with the meaning "beware lest ...". However, some writers, especially in poetry, may drop the nē in this construction.

Inflection
   Conjugation of caveo (second conjugation)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present caveō cavēs cavet cavēmus cavētis cavent
imperfect cavēbam cavēbās cavēbat cavēbāmus cavēbātis cavēbant
future cavēbō cavēbis cavēbit cavēbimus cavēbitis cavēbunt
perfect cāvī cāvistī, cāsti1 cāvit cāvimus cāvistis, cāstis1 cāvērunt, cāvēre
pluperfect cāveram cāverās cāverat cāverāmus cāverātis cāverant
future perfect cāverō cāveris cāverit cāverimus cāveritis cāverint
passive present caveor cavēris, cavēre cavētur cavēmur cavēminī caventur
imperfect cavēbar cavēbāris, cavēbāre cavēbātur cavēbāmur cavēbāminī cavēbantur
future cavēbor cavēberis, cavēbere cavēbitur cavēbimur cavēbiminī cavēbuntur
perfect cautus + present active indicative of sum
pluperfect cautus + imperfect active indicative of sum
future perfect cautus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present caveam caveās caveat caveāmus caveātis caveant
imperfect cavērem cavērēs cavēret cavērēmus cavērētis cavērent
perfect cāverim cāverīs cāverit cāverimus cāveritis cāverint
pluperfect cāvissem, cāssem1 cāvissēs, cāsses1 cāvisset, cāsset1 cāvissēmus, cāssemus1 cāvissētis, cāssetis1 cāvissent, cāssent1
passive present cavear caveāris, caveāre caveātur caveāmur caveāminī caveantur
imperfect cavērer cavērēris, cavērēre cavērētur cavērēmur cavērēminī cavērentur
perfect cautus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect cautus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present — cavē — — cavēte —
future — cavētō cavētō — cavētōte caventō
passive present — cavēre — — cavēminī —
future — cavētor cavētor — — caventor
non-finite forms active passive
present perfect future present perfect future
infinitives cavēre cāvisse, cāsse1 cautūrus esse cavērī cautus esse cautum īrī
participles cavēns — cautūrus — cautus cavendus
verbal nouns gerund supine
nominative genitive dative/ablative accusative accusative ablative
cavēre cavendī cavendō cavendum cautum cautū

1At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.

Derived terms
  • cautionalis
  • cautulus
  • incaute
  • incautela
  • incautus
  • percautus
  • praecatus
  • praecautio

References
  • caveo in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • caveo in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • caveo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
  • Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
    • (ambiguous) to prescribe in one's will: testamento aliquid cavere (Fin. 2. 31)
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