aback

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /əˈbæk/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /əˈbæk/

• Audio (US)

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• Rhymes: -æk

• From Middle English abak, from Old English on (“at, on, or toward”) + bæc (“back”).
• a- (“towards”) +‎ back (“back”).

Compare West Frisian tebek (“aback”, adverb, literally “to/at back”), Swedish tillbaka (idem.).

aback (not comparable)

1. (archaic) Towards the back or rear; backwards. [First attested prior to 1150.][1]
   • (Can we date this quote?), Geoffrey Chaucer, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

     Therewith aback she started.

   • 1815, David Laurie, A Treatise on Finance, under which, the General Interests of the British Empire are Illustrated, Glasgow: Chapman, page 322:

     The mild, though licentious reign, of Louis the Sixteenth, threw France far aback, in her ambitious career; but it gave birth to that revolution, wherein, her warlike propensities and territorial resources were unfolded with tenfold efficacy.

   • 1889, William Morris, A Tale of the House of the Wolfings and All the Kindreds of the Mark, London: Reeves & Turner, page 31:

     Then stopped, and bounded aback, and away as if in fear, / That I saw her no more; then I wondered though sitting close anear / Was a she-wolf great and grisly.

2. (archaic) In the rear; a distance behind. [First attested prior to 1150.][1]

   (Can we find and add a quotation of Knolles to this entry?)

   • 1840, “Proceedings of an Inquiry held at plantation Reliance, in the county of Essequibo”, in Papers Relative to the West Indies, 1841: British Guiana, London: H.M.S.O., published 1841, page 201:

     There are so many canes upon Reliance that the labourers could not cut those aback, as they prefer cutting those in front. The cane fields aback were in cultivation last year.

3. By surprise; startled; dumbfounded. (see usage)
   • 1808, The Post-Captain: A View of Naval Society and Manners, 3rd edition, London: Thomas Tegg, page 165:

     I would rather board a hundred of the enemy's frigates, than steer my boat into a fleet of modest women, for a modest woman never fails to take me aback.

4. (nautical) Backward against the mast; said of the sails when pressed by the wind from the "wrong" (forward) side, or of a ship when its sails are set that way. [First attested in the late 17^th century.][1]
   • 1757, Charles Fearne, The Trial of the Honourable Admiral John Byng, at a Court Martial, London: Manby, et al, page 89:

     Q. Was not the Trident at that time aback with one or more Top-sails? A. To the best of my Knowledge she had both Top-sails aback.

   • 1841, Benjamin J. Totten, Naval Text-book, Boston: Little & Brown, page 144:

     As the anchor fetches her up, she will swing head to wind, bringing the head sails aback.

   • 2001, Russell Drumm, The Barque of Saviors, Houghton Mifflin, page 91:

     Then the sails on the mainmast were backing and we started getting stern way. Eagle was caught aback.

• (by surprise): Preceded by a form of the word take, see take aback.

• Category:English phrasal verbs with particle (aback)

From abacus.

aback (plural abacks)

1. (obsolete) An abacus.
   • 1604, Ben Jonson, “Part of the King's Entertainment in Passing to His Coronation”, in The Works of Ben Jonson, London: Printed by Thomas Hodgkin, published 1692, page 306:

     In the Centre, or midst of the Pegm, there was an Aback, or Square, wherein this Elogy was written.