Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tьma

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *timāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *temH-.

Noun

*tьmà f [1]

dark, darkness

Declension

Declension of *tьmà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*tьmà	*tь̀mě	*tьmỳ
Accusative	*tьmǫ̀	*tь̀mě	*tьmỳ
Genitive	*tьmỳ	*tьmù	*tь̀mъ
Locative	*tьmě̀	*tьmù	tьmàsъ, tьmàxъ^*
Dative	*tьmě̀	*tьmàma	*tьmàmъ
Instrumental	tьmòjǫ, tь̀mǫ^**	*tьmàma	*tьmàmī
Vocative	*tьmo	*tь̀mě	*tьmỳ

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

*tьmьnъ (“dark”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: тьма (tĭma)
  - Belarusian: цьма (cʹma)
  - Russian: тьма (tʹma)
  - Ukrainian: тьма (tʹma)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic: тьма (tĭma)
  
  Glagolitic: ⱅⱐⰿⰰ (tĭma)
- Bulgarian: тъма (tǎma)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: та́ма
  
  Latin: táma
- Slovene: təmȁ (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Czech: tma
- Polabian: tǻmа
- Polish: ćma
- Slovak: tma
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: śma
  - Upper Sorbian: ćma

References

Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tьma”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 504: “f. ā ‘darkness’”

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[1] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tьma”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 504: “f. ā ‘darkness’”