Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/rǫka

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Noun

*rǫkà f [1][2]

hand; arm

Declension

Declension of *rǫkà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm c)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*rǫkà	*rǫ̑cě	*rǫ̑ky
Accusative	*rǫ̑kǫ	*rǫ̑cě	*rǫ̑ky
Genitive	*rǫký	*rǫkù	*rǫ̃kъ
Locative	*rǫ̑cě	*rǫkù	rǫkàsъ, rǫkàxъ^*
Dative	*rǫcě̀	*rǫkàma	*rǫkàmъ
Instrumental	*rǫkojǫ́	*rǫkàma	*rǫkàmi
Vocative	*rǫko	*rǫ̑cě	*rǫ̑ky

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: рука (ruka)
  - Belarusian: рука́ (ruká)
  - Russian: рука́ (ruká)
  - Rusyn: рука (ruka)
  - Ukrainian: рука́ (ruká)

South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Cyrillic: рѫка (rǫka)
  
  Glagolitic: ⱃⱘⰽⰰ (rǫka)
- Bulgarian: ръка (rǎka)
- Macedonian: рака (raka)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: ру́ка
  
  Latin: rúka
  - Molise Croatian: ruka
- Slovene: róka (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:
- Czech: ruka
- Kashubian: rãka
- Polabian: rǫkă
- Polish: ręka
- Slovak: ruka
- Slovincian: rą̃kă
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: ruka
  - Upper Sorbian: ruka

References

Derksen, Rick (2008), “*rǭkà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 439
EDSIL has *rǭkà with accent paradigm c, but Dybo's law did not apply to mobile paradigms, and thus could not have produced pretonic length. No length is reflected in Czech, Slovak or Polish, where it would be expected.

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[1] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*rǭkà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 439

[2] EDSIL has *rǭkà with accent paradigm c, but Dybo's law did not apply to mobile paradigms, and thus could not have produced pretonic length. No length is reflected in Czech, Slovak or Polish, where it would be expected.