Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pénkʷe

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Usually explained as a derivation from the words for "fist" and "finger":

Proto-Indo-European *pn̥kʷ-sti-s (“fist”) > Proto-Germanic *funhstiz > *funstiz (> Old English fȳst (“fist”), Old Frisian fest (“fist”), Old High German fūst (“fist”))
Proto-Indo-European *penkʷ-ró-s (“finger”) > Proto-Germanic *fingraz (“finger”) (> Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃 (figgrs, “finger”), Old Norse fingr, Old English finger, Old High German finger)

Ultimately all of these forms may go back to a verbal stem *penkʷ- (“to take in hand, to handle”), but which is not attested in any of the daughter languages. According to Blažek (1999: 229) however, the meanings “fist”, etc. are primary.[1] Relation has been suggested to *ponkʷ-to- (“all, whole”), seen in Latin cūnctus and Hittite [script needed] (pa-an-ku-uš, “family”), thus *pénkʷe meaning "the whole (hand)".[2]

Pronunciation

(Sihler 1995): IPA^(key): [péŋ⁽ʷ⁾.kʷe][2]

Numeral

cardinal number
5	Previous:	*kʷetwóres
5	Next:	*swéḱs

*pénkʷe

five

Declension

Uninflected.

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *pentše
- Old Albanian: pensë
  - Albanian: pesë
Anatolian:
- Luwian: [script needed] (paⁿta)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: հինգ (hing)
  - Armenian: հինգ (hing)
Balto-Slavic: *penk-
- Lithuanian: penki
- Latvian: pieci
- Old Prussian: pēnkjāi
- Sudovian: pank
- Slavic: *pętь (< *penkti-) (see there for further descendants)
Celtic: *kʷenkʷe (see there for further descendants)
Germanic: *fimf (see there for further descendants)
Hellenic: *pénkʷe (see there for further descendants)
Indo-Iranian: *pánča (see there for further descendants)
Italic: *kʷenkʷe
- Latin: quīnque
  - Vulgar Latin: *cīnque (see there for further descendants)
- Oscan: 𐌐𐌖𐌌𐌐𐌄 (pumpe)
  - Latin: Pompēiī, Pompēius, Pontius
- Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌌𐌐𐌄 (pumpe)
Messapic: [Term?] (penka-)
Phrygian: πινκε (pinke)
Tocharian: *p'äñś
- Tocharian A: päñ
- Tocharian B: piś

References

Franklin E. Horowitz (1992). “On the Proto-Indo-European etymon for ‘hand’.” WORD―Journal of the International Linguistic Association, 43(3), 411-419.
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

Blažek, Václav. 1999. Numerals. Comparative-Etymological Analysis and their Implications. Brno: Masarykova Univerzita v Brně

This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] Franklin E. Horowitz (1992). “On the Proto-Indo-European etymon for ‘hand’.” WORD―Journal of the International Linguistic Association, 43(3), 411-419.

[Sihler-2] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN