< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kap-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

Etymology

Unknown; possibly of substrate origin, as evidenced by the a-grade[3], or perhaps onomatopoeic, compare *gʰabʰ- (“to seize”)[4] as so-called "chiming roots"[5].

Root

*kap- [6][7][5]

  1. to seize, hold

Derived terms
  • *kap-yé-ti (“to be seized, held”, ye-present) (see there for further descendants)
  • *kap-eh₁yé-ti (eh₁ye-stative)[8]
    • Germanic: *habjaną (“to have, hold”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *káp-eh₂[9]
    • Hellenic: *kápā
      • Ancient Greek: κάπη (kápē, “crib”)
        • ⇒? Ancient Greek: καπᾱνα (kapāna, “wagon”)
  • *kap-nó-s (“harbour”)[5]
    • Celtic: *kawnos[5]
      • Old Irish: cúan (see there for further descendants)
    • Germanic: *habnō (< *kapn-éh₂) (see there for further descendants)
  • *káp-no-s[10]
    • Germanic: *hafnaz (“vessel, pot”)[10]
  • *káp-ōl ~ *kap-én-s
    • Indo-Iranian: *kapā́las (“head, skull; bowl”) (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Germanic: *henþō[11] (< *kpen-téh₂?)
      • Old English: hion (“skull”)
      • North Frisian: hann (“lobe of the brain”)
  • *káp-u-ko-s[3]
  • *káp-wl̥ ~ *kap-wén-s (“head”)
    • Germanic: *habulô (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Celtic: *kʷennom (< *kpwen-nó-m?) (see there for further descendants)
  • >? *kā́p-s ~ *káp-s-os
    • Albanian:
      • Albanian: (“garden”) (+ -shtë)
        Old Gheg Albanian: kopësht, kopështë
        Tosk Albanian: kopsht
    • Hellenic: *kāpos[12]
      • Ancient Greek: κῆπος (kêpos, “garden, orchard, plantation”)
  • >? *kṓp-s ~ *kap-és
    • Hellenic: *kṓpā[13]
      • Ancient Greek: κώπη (kṓpē, “grip, handle”)

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*keh₂p-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 344–345
  2. Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 79
  3. Schrijver, Peter. 1997. "Animal, vegetable and mineral: some Western European substratum words". In: Lubotsky, A. Sound Law and Analogy, pp. 293–316. Amsterdam/Atlanta.
  4. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*ĝʰeHb-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 195
  5. Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
  6. Pokorny, Julius (1959), “kap-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume II, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 527-529
  7. Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*kap-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 270
  8. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “caput, -itis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 91
  9. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κάπτω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 640
  10. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*habanō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 196-197
  11. Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xenþō(n)”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 169
  12. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κήπος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 688
  13. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κώπη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 815-816
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