Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰe

*g(ʰ)i or *g(ʰ)e or *g(ʰ)o

1. Postpositional intensifying particle, indeed, at any rate, in fact
2. Discourse particle, indeed, of course, surely

The particle in Proto-Indo-European was indeclinable. Some daughter languages, particularly Italic, added pronominal inflection later, as also occurred with particles *de, *h₁ew, and *ḱe. This particle could either be post-posed to the word it intensified (e.g *Hyód-ge wóyde - that which he knows) or that it otherwise modified (e.g *né-gʰi - not at all, no indeed), or it could begin discourse in which it is place before everything else (e.g *gʰí ... - of course, ...). The presence or lack of aspiration as well as the ablaut grade appear to have been completely arbitrary, and may have been subject to dialectal variation.

• *gʰe-ḱe (combined with *ḱe)
  • Italic: *ɣik(e)
    • Latin: hic
• *ne-g(ʰ)i (combined with *ne)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: nedz (“neither, nor”)
  • Indo-Iranian: *naǰʰí
    • Indo-Aryan: *naźʰí
      • Sanskrit: नहि (nahí, “not at all, no indeed”)
• *sm̥-gʰé (combined with *sm̥-)
  • Indo-Iranian: *saǰʰa
    • Indo-Aryan: *saźʰa
      • Sanskrit: सह (sahá, “together with, along with”)

• Hellenic: *ge
  • Ancient Greek: γε (ge)
• Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰí, *ǰʰá, *gʰá
  • Indo-Aryan: *źʰí, *źʰá, *gʰá
    • Sanskrit: हि (hí), ह (há), घ (ghá)
• Balto-Slavic: *ge
  • Slavic: *že
    • Russian: же (že)
    • Czech: že (“that”)
• Germanic: *-k
  • Gothic: -𐌺 (-k)